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MOD Exam II > Ch 9 Environment/Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch 9 Environment/Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

Exogenous chemicals in the environment that may be absorbed into the body

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2
Q

How does ozone affect healthy adults and children?

A

Decreased lung fcn
Increased airway activity
Lung inflammation

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3
Q

How does ozone affect athletes, outdoor workers, and asthmatics?

A

Decreased exercise capacity

Increased hospitalizations

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4
Q

How does sulfur dioxide affect healthy adults?
Individuals with chronic lung disease?
Asthmatics?

A

Healthy adults: Increased respiratory sxs
Chronic lung disease: Increased mortality
Asthmatics: Increased hospitalization, decreased lung fcn

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5
Q

How do CNS disturbances due to lead present in adults?

A

Peripheral neuropathies. Wrist drop, followed by paralysis of the peroneal muscles (foot drop)

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6
Q

What are “lead lines”?

A

Radiodense deposits in metaphyses (interferes with remodeling of cartilage); also lead lines in the gums.

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7
Q

What does heme deficiency due to lead cause?

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia (the RBC is smaller than the nucleus of a lymphocyte), basophilic stippling, and ring sideroblasts (iron laden mitochondria)

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8
Q

What is “lead colic”?

A

Extremely severe, poorly localized abdominal pain

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9
Q

What are the renal effects of lead?

A

Proximal tubule damage; chronic damage causes interstitial fibrosis and possible renal failure

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10
Q

What are the main effects of mercury?

A

Damage to CNS (developing brain) and kidney

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11
Q

What is Minamata disease? What causes it?

A

Due to mercury. Cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, mental retardation, and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero.

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12
Q

What do large quantities of ingested arsenic cause?

A

GI, cardiovascular, and CNS toxicities. Increased risk for cancers of lungs, bladder and skin.

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13
Q

What happens 2-8 weeks post exposure to arsenic?

A

Sensorimotor neuropathy, parathesias, numbness, pain

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14
Q

What does cadmium exposure cause?

A

Obstructive lung disease, renal tubular damage, skeletal abnormalities associated with calcium loss. Increased risk of lung cancer.

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15
Q

What disease is cadmium exposure associated with?

A

Itai-itai: Japan, osteoporosis and osteomalacia with renal disease.

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16
Q

What are faint horizontal lines on nails (Mees lines), parasthesia, and dark pigment on skin associated with?

A

Arsenic

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17
Q

What can vinyl chloride cause?

A

Liver angiosarcoma

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18
Q

What effect can lead and mercury have on the reproductive system?

A

Female infertility/stillbirths

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19
Q

What can benzene cause?

A

Leukemia

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20
Q

What can mercury cause (urinary system)?

A

Renal toxicity

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21
Q

What can mercury cause (nervous system)?

A

Ataxic gait

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22
Q

Peripheral neuropathies can be caused by which toxicants?

A

Mercury, lead, arsenic

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23
Q

Fibrosis can be caused by which toxicants?

A

Silica, asbestos, cobalt

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24
Q

What toxicant can cause COPD?

A

Cadmium

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25
Q

What kind of cancer can radon, asbestos, silica, bischloromethylether, nickel, arsenic, chromium, mustard gas, and uranium cause?

A

Lung cancer

26
Q

What toxicants can cause heart disease?

A

CO and lead

27
Q

What are rubber workers exposed to?

A

Benzene and 1,3-butadiene

28
Q

What can benzene and 1,3-butadiene cause?

A

Dose-dependent marrow aplasia and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia

29
Q

What do organochlorines (DDT, PCBs, dioxin) do?

A

Disrupt hormonal balance because of antiestrogenic or antiandrogenic activity

30
Q

What can dioxins and PCBs cause?

A

chloracne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis, abnormalities in liver and CNS

31
Q

What is cigarette smoking also linked to (besides COPD and lung cancer)?

A

Atherosclerosis and MI

32
Q

What’s the drunk driving EtOH limit? How many drinks approximately?

A

80 mg/dL, three standard drinks

33
Q

What happens at EtOH levels of 200 mg/dL? 300? >300?

A

Drowsiness=200
Stupor=300
Coma>300

34
Q

What is alcohol oxidized into? By what? Where does this occur?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, which is then converted to acetate. Occurs in cytosol.

35
Q

What can acetominophen cause?

A

Centrilobular necrosis

36
Q

What can aspirin cause?

A

Acute salicylate poisoning effects the brain—> nausea, coma.
Chronic: HA, dizziness, tinnitis, bleeding, coma, analgesic nephopathy

37
Q

What’s the molecular target of opiates?

A

Mu opioid receptor agonist

38
Q

What’s the molecular target of sedative-hypnotics (barbiturates, ethanol)?

A

GABA A receptor agonist

39
Q

What’s the molecular target of cocaine?

A

Dopamine transporter antagonist

40
Q

What’s the molecular target of amphetamines and MDMA/ecstasy?

A

Serotonin receptors (toxicity)

41
Q

What’s the molecular target of phencyclidine-like drugs (PCP, ketamine)?

A

NMDA glutamate receptor channel antagonist

42
Q

What’s the molecular target of cannabinoids?

A

CBI cannabinoid receptor agonist

43
Q

What’s the molecular target of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin/shrooms, mescaline)?

A

Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist

44
Q

What’s a 1st degree burn?

A

Superficial, epidermis only. Cause pain, redness, and swelling.

45
Q

What’s a 2nd degree burn

A

Partial thickness, epidermis and dermis. Erythema and blistering.

46
Q

What’s a 3rd degree burn?

A

Full thickness, extends into subcutaneous tissue and hypodermis. Damages nerve supply (numbness), leave scars and may cause loss of fcn and/or sensation.

47
Q

What is the morphological problem between radiation-injured cells and cancer cells?

A

Appear similar, hard to tell difference when looking for possible persistence of cancer cells

48
Q

What are the major morphologic consequences of radiation injury?

A

Fibrosis (lungs, GI, gonads)

49
Q

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on lymphocytes? What is the time of development?

A

Moderate granulocytopenia, lymphopenia. 1 day to 1 week. Not lethal.

50
Q

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on bone marrow? What is the time of development?

A

Leukopenia, hemorrhage, hair loss, vomiting. 2-6 weeks. Variable lethality.

51
Q

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on small bowel? What is the time of development?

A

Diarrhea, fever, electrolyte imbalance, vomiting. 5-14 days. 100% lethality.

52
Q

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on brain? What is the time of development?

A

Ataxia, coma, convulsions, vomiting. 1-4 hours. 100% lethal.

53
Q

What are serum albumin levels in marasmus? Kwashiorkor?

A

Normal.

Hypoalbuminemia.

54
Q

How do you tell the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?

A

Marasmus: Muscle and subcutaneous fat used as fuel—> emaciated extremities

Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency, calorie intake may be normal. Edema, fatty liver, sparing of subcutaneous fat and muscle. Carb diet.

55
Q

What factors are cachexia associated with?

A

Proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF, from tumors) and TNF (from host immune cells). Activate transcription of ubiquitin ligases, leading to degradation of muscles by proteasome.

56
Q

What is a complication of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death due to hypokalemia.

57
Q

What is caused by niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra: 3 Ds, dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

58
Q

What can high animal fat and low fiber diet cause?

A

Colon cancer

59
Q

What can nitrosamines and nitrosamides cause?

A

Colon cancer

60
Q

What can aflatoxin cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

MOD Exam II (2 decks)

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