Ch 9 Environment/Nutrition

Question 1

What are xenobiotics?

Answer 1

Exogenous chemicals in the environment that may be absorbed into the body

Question 2

How does ozone affect healthy adults and children?

Answer 2

Decreased lung fcn
Increased airway activity
Lung inflammation

Question 3

How does ozone affect athletes, outdoor workers, and asthmatics?

Answer 3

Decreased exercise capacity

Increased hospitalizations

Question 4

How does sulfur dioxide affect healthy adults?
Individuals with chronic lung disease?
Asthmatics?

Answer 4

Healthy adults: Increased respiratory sxs
Chronic lung disease: Increased mortality
Asthmatics: Increased hospitalization, decreased lung fcn

Question 5

How do CNS disturbances due to lead present in adults?

Answer 5

Peripheral neuropathies. Wrist drop, followed by paralysis of the peroneal muscles (foot drop)

Question 6

What are “lead lines”?

Answer 6

Radiodense deposits in metaphyses (interferes with remodeling of cartilage); also lead lines in the gums.

Question 7

What does heme deficiency due to lead cause?

Answer 7

Hypochromic microcytic anemia (the RBC is smaller than the nucleus of a lymphocyte), basophilic stippling, and ring sideroblasts (iron laden mitochondria)

Question 8

What is “lead colic”?

Answer 8

Extremely severe, poorly localized abdominal pain

Question 9

What are the renal effects of lead?

Answer 9

Proximal tubule damage; chronic damage causes interstitial fibrosis and possible renal failure

Question 10

What are the main effects of mercury?

Answer 10

Damage to CNS (developing brain) and kidney

Question 11

What is Minamata disease? What causes it?

Answer 11

Due to mercury. Cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, mental retardation, and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero.

Question 12

What do large quantities of ingested arsenic cause?

Answer 12

GI, cardiovascular, and CNS toxicities. Increased risk for cancers of lungs, bladder and skin.

Question 13

What happens 2-8 weeks post exposure to arsenic?

Answer 13

Sensorimotor neuropathy, parathesias, numbness, pain

Question 14

What does cadmium exposure cause?

Answer 14

Obstructive lung disease, renal tubular damage, skeletal abnormalities associated with calcium loss. Increased risk of lung cancer.

Question 15

What disease is cadmium exposure associated with?

Answer 15

Itai-itai: Japan, osteoporosis and osteomalacia with renal disease.

Question 16

What are faint horizontal lines on nails (Mees lines), parasthesia, and dark pigment on skin associated with?

Answer 16

Arsenic

Question 17

What can vinyl chloride cause?

Answer 17

Liver angiosarcoma

Question 18

What effect can lead and mercury have on the reproductive system?

Answer 18

Female infertility/stillbirths

Question 19

What can benzene cause?

Answer 19

Leukemia

Question 20

What can mercury cause (urinary system)?

Answer 20

Renal toxicity

Question 21

What can mercury cause (nervous system)?

Answer 21

Ataxic gait

Question 22

Peripheral neuropathies can be caused by which toxicants?

Answer 22

Mercury, lead, arsenic

Question 23

Fibrosis can be caused by which toxicants?

Answer 23

Silica, asbestos, cobalt

Question 24

What toxicant can cause COPD?

Answer 24

Cadmium

Question 25

What kind of cancer can radon, asbestos, silica, bischloromethylether, nickel, arsenic, chromium, mustard gas, and uranium cause?

Answer 25

Lung cancer

Question 26

What toxicants can cause heart disease?

Answer 26

CO and lead

Question 27

What are rubber workers exposed to?

Answer 27

Benzene and 1,3-butadiene

Question 28

What can benzene and 1,3-butadiene cause?

Answer 28

Dose-dependent marrow aplasia and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia

Question 29

What do organochlorines (DDT, PCBs, dioxin) do?

Answer 29

Disrupt hormonal balance because of antiestrogenic or antiandrogenic activity

Question 30

What can dioxins and PCBs cause?

Answer 30

chloracne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis, abnormalities in liver and CNS

Question 31

What is cigarette smoking also linked to (besides COPD and lung cancer)?

Answer 31

Atherosclerosis and MI

Question 32

What's the drunk driving EtOH limit? How many drinks approximately?

Answer 32

80 mg/dL, three standard drinks

Question 33

What happens at EtOH levels of 200 mg/dL? 300? >300?

Answer 33

Drowsiness=200 Stupor=300 Coma>300

Question 34

What is alcohol oxidized into? By what? Where does this occur?

Answer 34

Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, which is then converted to acetate. Occurs in cytosol.

Question 35

What can acetominophen cause?

Answer 35

Centrilobular necrosis

Question 36

What can aspirin cause?

Answer 36

Acute salicylate poisoning effects the brain---> nausea, coma. Chronic: HA, dizziness, tinnitis, bleeding, coma, analgesic nephopathy

Question 37

What's the molecular target of opiates?

Answer 37

Mu opioid receptor agonist

Question 38

What's the molecular target of sedative-hypnotics (barbiturates, ethanol)?

Answer 38

GABA A receptor agonist

Question 39

What's the molecular target of cocaine?

Answer 39

Dopamine transporter antagonist

Question 40

What's the molecular target of amphetamines and MDMA/ecstasy?

Answer 40

Serotonin receptors (toxicity)

Question 41

What's the molecular target of phencyclidine-like drugs (PCP, ketamine)?

Answer 41

NMDA glutamate receptor channel antagonist

Question 42

What's the molecular target of cannabinoids?

Answer 42

CBI cannabinoid receptor agonist

Question 43

What's the molecular target of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin/shrooms, mescaline)?

Answer 43

Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist

Question 44

What's a 1st degree burn?

Answer 44

Superficial, epidermis only. Cause pain, redness, and swelling.

Question 45

What's a 2nd degree burn

Answer 45

Partial thickness, epidermis and dermis. Erythema and blistering.

Question 46

What's a 3rd degree burn?

Answer 46

Full thickness, extends into subcutaneous tissue and hypodermis. Damages nerve supply (numbness), leave scars and may cause loss of fcn and/or sensation.

Question 47

What is the morphological problem between radiation-injured cells and cancer cells?

Answer 47

Appear similar, hard to tell difference when looking for possible persistence of cancer cells

Question 48

What are the major morphologic consequences of radiation injury?

Answer 48

Fibrosis (lungs, GI, gonads)

Question 49

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on lymphocytes? What is the time of development?

Answer 49

Moderate granulocytopenia, lymphopenia. 1 day to 1 week. Not lethal.

Question 50

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on bone marrow? What is the time of development?

Answer 50

Leukopenia, hemorrhage, hair loss, vomiting. 2-6 weeks. Variable lethality.

Question 51

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on small bowel? What is the time of development?

Answer 51

Diarrhea, fever, electrolyte imbalance, vomiting. 5-14 days. 100% lethality.

Question 52

What are the effects of total-body ionizing radiation on brain? What is the time of development?

Answer 52

Ataxia, coma, convulsions, vomiting. 1-4 hours. 100% lethal.

Question 53

What are serum albumin levels in marasmus? Kwashiorkor?

Answer 53

Normal. Hypoalbuminemia.

Question 54

How do you tell the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?

Answer 54

Marasmus: Muscle and subcutaneous fat used as fuel---> emaciated extremities Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency, calorie intake may be normal. Edema, fatty liver, sparing of subcutaneous fat and muscle. Carb diet.

Question 55

What factors are cachexia associated with?

Answer 55

Proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF, from tumors) and TNF (from host immune cells). Activate transcription of ubiquitin ligases, leading to degradation of muscles by proteasome.

Question 56

What is a complication of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

Answer 56

Cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death due to hypokalemia.

Question 57

What is caused by niacin deficiency?

Answer 57

Pellagra: 3 Ds, dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

Question 58

What can high animal fat and low fiber diet cause?

Answer 58

Colon cancer

Question 59

What can nitrosamines and nitrosamides cause?

Answer 59

Colon cancer

Question 60

What can aflatoxin cause?

Answer 60

Hepatocellular carcinoma