Ch. 9- Endocrine Metabolic Disorders II Flashcards
What causes Type 1 Diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
What causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Decreased insulin production and/or increased insulin resistance by body cells.
What are the primary functions of insulin in glucose metabolism?
Facilitates glucose uptake into cells, decreases blood glucose levels, promotes glycogenesis, and inhibits glycogenolysis
What are the classic symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), and Polyphagia (excessive hunger).
What is glycolysis?
The oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.
What are the key signs of DKA?
Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations, acetone breath, dehydration.
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Disorientation, anxiety, sweating, palpitations, low blood glucose, loss of consciousness.
What fasting blood glucose level indicates diabetes?
≥126 mg/dL on more than one occasion.
What does an A1C test measure?
The percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin over the past 3-4 months; a value ≥6.5% suggests diabetes.
Which hormones increase blood glucose levels?
Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol.
What are the long-term complications of diabetes?
Neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, infections, foot ulcers.
What are the key features of HHNK-
(Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)?
Hyperglycemia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, neurologic deficits.
What are the components of metabolic syndrome?
Hypertension, high LDL, low HDL, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia
What is gestational diabetes?
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth.
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells.
What is the function of glucagon?
Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels.
How does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) differ from HHNK?
DKA occurs in Type 1 diabetes and involves ketone production; HHNK occurs in
Type 2 diabetes and involves severe dehydration but no significant ketosis.
What is diabetic nephropathy?
Kidney damage due to prolonged high blood glucose, leading to renal failure.
What is peripheral neuropathy?
Nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle wasting.
How does negative feedback regulate hormone release?
Hormone levels are regulated by feedback loops where excess hormone inhibits further secretion
How do hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia differ?
o Hyperglycemia: High blood glucose (>126 mg/dL), symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision.
o Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose (<70 mg/dL), symptoms include dizziness, sweating, confusion
How does cortisol affect blood glucose?
Increases glucose production in the liver, makes fat and muscle cells resistant to insulin.
Why are diabetics at high risk for cardiovascular disease?
High blood glucose contributes to atherosclerosis, increasing risk of heart attacks and strokes.
What is ketogenesis and why does it occur in diabetes?
Breakdown of fatty acids into ketones due to lack of insulin, leading to ketoacidosis.
What endocrine functions does the pancreas perform?
Beta cells secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose).
o Alpha cells secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose).
What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
Blurred vision, dark spots, vision loss due to damage to retinal blood vessels.
What HbA1c level suggests good diabetes control?
<7% indicates good blood glucose management.
How do oral hypoglycemic drugs work?
Increase insulin secretion or reduce insulin resistance (e.g., Metformin, Sulfonylureas).
What causes metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance leading to hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, and hyperglycemia.
What should be done if someone has insulin shock (severe hypoglycemia)?
Give fast-acting sugar (e.g., glucose tablets, juice) and monitor blood glucose levels.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids.
How does negative feedback regulate hormone levels?
Increased hormone levels inhibit further hormone release to maintain balance.
What is diabetic neuropathy?
Nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, and pain, often in extremities.
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
o Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, requires insulin.
o Type 2: Insulin resistance and decreased insulin production, may require insulin or oral meds.
How do ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis differ?
o Ketoacidosis: Results from ketone accumulation in diabetes.
o Lactic acidosis: Results from anaerobic metabolism due to oxygen deprivation.
What are the primary functions of T3 and T4?
Regulate metabolism, energy production, and growth.
How do the adrenal glands influence blood sugar?
Release cortisol and epinephrine, both of which increase blood glucose
How is HHNK different from DKA
o HHNK occurs in Type 2 Diabetes, with severe dehydration but no significant ketosis.
o DKA occurs in Type 1 Diabetes, with ketosis and metabolic acidosis.
What are the main risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?
Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, family history, metabolic syndrome.
How does epinephrine affect glucose levels?
Stimulates glycogenolysis, increasing blood glucose in response to stress
How does growth hormone affect glucose metabolism?
Increases blood glucose levels and promotes fat breakdown.
What happens in insulin resistance?
Body cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
How do glycogenesis and glycogenolysis differ?
o Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen from glucose (storage).
o Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose (energy release).
What are common signs of insulin resistance?
Weight gain, dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans), high blood sugar, high triglycerides.
What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
Controls hormone release by regulating the pituitary gland.
How does exercise help control blood glucose?
Increases glucose uptake by muscles and improves insulin sensitivity.
