Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Vocab Words necessary for explanation of cellular respiration
Oxidizing: Definition and Relation
a. Giving up hydrogens and electrons.
b. catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
How do energy and nutrients move through a system?
Cycling nutrients and Flowing energy
Central processes to cellular respiration?
Electron transfer from food molecules and catabolic pathways release stored energy.
What is NAD+ and NADH and how does it form.
Nicotinamide-adenosine dinucleotide. An cozenzyme for electrons.
2 e- and 1p+ is transferred to NAD+ forming NADH. The other proton is released to the surrounding area
What is FAD and FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
What is fermentation?
Partial degrading of sugars that occurs without oxygen
What is aerobic respiration?
Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and produces ATP
What is anaerobic respiration?
Consumes compounds other than oxygen to produce ATP
What other fuel sources can cellular respiration use? Why do we trace glucose?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used by C.R. . Glucose is the beginning of cellular respiration
What is the equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Cells must ____ _____ their supply of ___ from ___ and phosphate?
constantly, regenerate, ATP, ADP
This occurs when the body runs out of ATP
Death by affixation
Name the terms and definition that is in redox reactions. (6)
Oxidation-reduction: chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants.
Oxidation: loss of electrons (less H, more O)
Reduction: addition of electrons (more H, less O)
Reducing agent: electron donor, Oxidizing agent: electron acceptor
Includes the electron sharing in covalent bonds, particularly with Oxygen.
How does an electron lose potential energy? What do electrons do when they get closer to electronegative O atom?
When it shifts from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative one (becoming stable).
They release energy.
*Note: in a reaction, with oxygen, energy is given off if the oxygen is more electronegative/ holds most of the electrons. CO2, H2O.
During cellular respiration, what is oxidized? what is reduced. How is energy released?
Review: Related key terminology to metabolism in ch 7.
Glucose is oxidized (any fuel molecules), O2 is reduced. Energy is released as HYDROGEN and ELECTRONS are transferred to O atoms. (?)
Review: Entropy increase, more stable, lower energy level.
How does the oxidation of glucose relate to the process obtaining of ATP?
Oxidation of glucose transfers electrons from a high energy state to a lower energy state, which releases energy. This energy is used in the synthesis of ATP.
can free electrons travel in cellular respiration?
No, free electrons have a bunch of energy and are harmful to living things. Electrons have to be transferred with a proton.
What are dehydrogenases?
Enzymes that remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 e- and 2p+).
Why does cellular respiration undergo several energy-releasing steps?
If NADH transferred its electrons directly to oxygen, energy would be released in one explosive reaction. Which would be ineffective and harmful for the body.
location, parts, and functions of electron transport chain.
founded in the mitochondria in the inner membrane with FOUR transmembrane protein, total of SEVEN proteins (?).
functions include: creating a chemical and electrical gradient, creating a battery, interactions with membrane potential, creating ATP, and potential energy (?)
How do cave rats (?) survive without drinking water (hint: cellular respiration)?
Cave rats are small and abuse the products of the cellular respiration. This makes 6 H2O and this is enough to sustain them.
List the 3.5 stages of Cellular Respiration and their primary functions. Connect the stages.
Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into molecules of pyruvate and NADH.
Pyruvate oxidation: break down pyruvate into another carbon chain
Citric acid cycle: Breakdown into CO2 and refuels NADH and FADH2.
Oxidative phosphorylation: contains electron transfer chain and chemiosmosis facilitate synthesis of most of the cell’s ATP.
difference between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
oxidative phosphorylation is powered by redox reactions and produces the most ATP.
Substrate-level phosphorylation is powered by enzymes, formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle, and it forms a little ATP.
How many molecules of ATP are made in a molecule of Glucose
32 molecules of ATP
Glycolysis: general knowledge
Occurs in the cytoplasm with 2 major stages. Investment phase, where 2 ATP are used to split the glucose into 2 three-carbon sugars. Energy payoff phase where 4 ATP are synthesized, 2NAD+ are reduced to NADH, 2 pyruvate are formed, and 2 H2O is made.
*net earn of 2 ATP
Name each enzyme, at FIRST STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning.
Name the corresponding molecules name.
- Hexokinase: #6 carbon - phosphate added
- Takes ATP and uses it to add a phosphate group into the glucose
- [hexo - 6, kine- move, -ase - enzyme]
- Glucose 6-phosphate
Name each enzyme, at SECOND STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning.
Name the corresponding molecules name.
- Phosphoglucoisomerase
- switch from glucose to fructose (an isomer of glucose)
- phospho-phosphate, gluco-sugar, isomer-by def., -ase-enzyme
3b. an isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the process of isomerization - Fructose 6-phosphate
Name each enzyme, at THIRD STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning.
Name the corresponding molecules name.
- Phosphofructokinase
- Take ATP and put a phosphate group onto the molecule
- phospho-phosphate, fructose, kine-movement, -ase-enzyme
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Name each enzyme, at FOURTH STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning.
Name the corresponding molecules name.
- Aldolase
- breaks down sugars
- -ase-enzyme
4a. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
4b. Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)
Name each enzyme, at FIFTH STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning.
Name the corresponding molecules name.
- Isomerase
- Able to switch between G3P and DHAP
- Isomer and -ase
- G3P or DHAP
Name the enzyme in the FIRST step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced
- Triosephosphatedehydrogenase
- gives 2 H atoms to 2NADH (in total) and combines a phosphate with the G3P
- tri-three, -ose-sugar, phosphate-PO4, dehydrogen-remove hydrogen, -ase-enzyme
- 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Name the enzyme in the SECOND step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced
- Phosphoglycerokinase
- powers ADP to ATP with a phosphate group
- phosphate-PO4, Glycerol-CH3H8O3, kinase-movement enzyme
- 3-Phosphoglycerokinase
Name the enzyme in the THIRD step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced
- Phosphoglyceromutase
- moves the phosphate group to the middle of the molecule instead of the end.
- phosphate, glycerol, mutase
- 2-Phosphoglycerate
Name the enzyme in the FOURTH step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced
- Enolase
- Releases 2 H2O (in total)
- n/a
3.Phosphoenolpyruvate
Name the enzyme in the FIFTH step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Removes the phosphate group and gives it to ADP to turn it into ATP
- kinase
- Pyruvate
