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Dry cargo > Ch 9- Bulk carriers (c) > Flashcards

Ch 9- Bulk carriers (c) Flashcards

1
Q

What are three hazards associated with bulk carriers?

A
  • Structural damage due to improper cargo distribution, loading/unloading equipment or cargo properties
  • Loss or reduction of stability during a voyage, due to cargo shift
  • Chemical reactions of cargoes, creating hazards for the crew and damage to the vessel
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2
Q

To enable excessive stresses on ship’s structure, the ship shall be provided with a booklet (loading manual), containing as a minimum:
1. ________ data
2. __________ and ____________ rates and capacities
3. _______ allowable load per unit surface area of the ____ ___ _______
4. _______ allowable load per ____
5. General _______ and _________ instructions with regard to the ________ of the ship’s structure, including any ___________ on the most adverse operating conditions during _______, _________, __________ operations and the ______
6. Any special ____________ such as limitations on the most adverse operating conditions imposed by the administration or organisation recognized by it
7. Where strength calculations are required, maximum ___________ force and moments on the ship’s hull during loading, unloading and the voyage

A
  1. Stability
  2. Ballasting, deballasting
  3. Maximum, tank top plating
  4. Maximum, hold
  5. Loading, unloading, strength, limitations, loading, unloading, ballasting, voyage
  6. Restrictions
  7. Permissible
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3
Q

What does SOLAS VI Regulation 7 address?

A

The safe loading, unloading and stowage of solid bulk cargoes

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4
Q

Who ensures that ship’s personnel continuously monitor cargo operations?

A

Master

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5
Q

When are shifting divisions erected?

A

Whenever solid bulk cargoes, which are suspected of readily shifting, are carried in ‘tween-deck cargo spaces or in only partially filled cargo spaces

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6
Q

Where is high-density cargo preferred to be loaded?

A

In the lower hold cargo, in preference to ‘tween-deck cargo spaces

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7
Q

Describe sagging bending

A

Compression in top fibres, tension in bottom fibres

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8
Q

Describe hogging bending

A

Tension in top fibres, compression in bottom fibres

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9
Q

What does SOLAS Chapter XII Regulation 10 describe?

A

Solid Bulk Cargo Density Declaration

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10
Q

What does SOLAS Regulation 11 Chapter XII describe?

A

Loading instrument

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11
Q

What does bulk density mean?

A

The weight of solids, air and water per unit volume

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12
Q

What is bulk density expressed in?

A

Kilograms per cubic metre

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13
Q

Describe Regulation 12 in relation to cargo hold

A

There should be water level detectors giving audible and visual alarms.

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14
Q

Describe Regulation 12 in relation to ballast tanks

A

Water level detectors must be forward of the collision bulkhead

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15
Q

Describe Regulation 12 in relation to dry or void space (other than a chain cable locker)

A

Water level detectors need not be provided in enclosed spaces the volume of which does not exceed 0.1% of the ship’s maximum displacement volume

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16
Q

What may happen to water level detectors if they are fitted in a ballast tank?

A

Alarm overrides may be installed

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17
Q

Where are audible and visual alarms located (for water level detectors)?

A

On the navigation bridge

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18
Q

What are enhanced surveys?

A

They are guidelines for shipping companies and owners to prepare their ships for special surveys to maintain the safety of the vessel while at sea or at a port

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19
Q

What does the Enhanced Survey Programme monitor tankers and bulkers for?

A

Construction and safe operation, focusing on structural surveys overall condition and thickness of hull

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20
Q

What does IMSBC stand for?

A

International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code

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21
Q

What is the aim of the IMSBC code?

A

To facilitate the safe stowage and shipment of solid bluk cargoes by:
- Highlighting dangers
- Giving guidance on procedures

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22
Q

What are concerns for safety on board (IMSBC Section 3) (4)?

A
  • Poisoning, corrosive and asphyxiation hazards
  • Health hazards due to dust
  • Flammable atmosphere
  • Ventilation
23
Q

What are the two general requirements for safety of personnel and ship (IMSBC Section 3)?

A
  • Prior to and during loading, carriage and discharge of a solid bulk cargo, all necessary safety precautions shall be observed
  • A copy of the instructions on emergency response and medical first aid relevant to incidents involving dangerous goods in solid form in bulk shall be on board
24
Q

What does BCSN stand for?

A

Bulk Cargo Shipping Name

25
Q

How much cargo information is required as per the IMSBC code?

A

17

26
Q

List information required as per the IMSBC code (17)

A
  1. The Bulk Cargo Shipping Name (BCSN) when the cargo is listed in the IMSBC Code. Secondary names may be used in addition to the BCSN.
  2. The cargo group (A, B or C).
  3. The IMO Class of the cargo, if applicable.
  4. The UN number preceded by letters UN for the cargo, if applicable.
  5. The total quantity of the cargo offered.
  6. The stowage factor.
  7. The need for trimming and the trimming procedures, as necessary.
  8. The likelihood of shifting, including angle of repose, if applicable.
  9. Additional information in the form of a certificate on the moisture content of the cargo and its transportable moisture limit in the case of a concentrate or other cargo which may liquefy.
  10. Likelihood of formation of a wet base.
  11. Toxic or flammable gases which may be generated by cargo, if applicable.
  12. Flammability, toxicity, corrosiveness and propensity to oxygen depletion of the cargo, if applicable.
  13. Self-heating properties of the cargo, and the need for trimming, if applicable.
  14. Properties on emission of flammable gases in contact with water, if applicable.
  15. Radioactive properties, if applicable.
  16. Any other information required by national authorities.
  17. Information provided by the shipper shall be accompanied by a cargo declaration.
27
Q

What does BCSN identify?

A

A bulk cargo during transport by sea

28
Q

What is the angle of repose?

A

the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive (i.e. free-flowing) granular material. It is measured as the angle between a horizontal plane and the cone slope of such material.

29
Q

What are the three groups that cargo could fit into?

A

Group A
Group B
Group C

30
Q

Describe group A

A

Cargoes which may liquefy if shipped at a moisture content in excess of their transportable moisture limit

31
Q

Describe group B

A

Cargoes which possess a chemical hazard which could give rise to a dangerous situation on a ship

32
Q

Describe Group C

A

Cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy (Group A) nor to possess chemical hazards (Group B)

33
Q

What does flow state mean?

A

a state occurring when a mass of granular material is saturated with liquid to an extent that, under the influence of prevailing external forces such as vibration, impaction or ships motion, it loses its internal shear strength and behaves as a liquid.

34
Q

What does moisture content mean?

A

That portion of a representative sample consisting of water, ice or other liquid expressed as a percentage of the total wet mass of that sample

35
Q

What does moisture migration mean?

A

The movement of moisture contained in a cargo by settling and consolidation of the cargo due to vibration and ship’s motion.
Water is progressively displaced, which may result in some portions or all of the cargo developing a flow state

36
Q

What are the two types of cargo shifts?

A

Sliding failure
Liquefaction consequence

37
Q

What does TML stand for?

A

Transportable Moisture Limit

38
Q

What is TML?

A

The maximum moisture content of a cargo that may liquefy which is considered safe for carriage

39
Q

What does the “can test” measure?

A

determines the “possibility of flow”

40
Q

What does MHB stand for?

A

Materials Hazardous only in Bulk

41
Q

What is Section 4 of the IMSBC code?

A

Assessment of acceptability of consignments for safe shipment

42
Q

What documentation is required on board a ship carrying dangerous goods (4)?

A
  • Dangerous Goods manifest
  • A detailed stowage plan
  • Appropriate instructions on emergency response to incidents involving the cargoes shall be on board
  • A document of compliance
43
Q

What are the precautions with dangerous goods (4)?

A
  • DG in solid form in bulk shall not be carried unless adequate precautions have been taken to minimize the likelihood of the outbreak of fire
  • Incompatible goods shall be segregated from one another
  • DG in solid form in bulk, which gives off dangerous vapours, shall be stowed in a well-ventilated cargo space
  • DG in solid form in bulk shall be loaded and stowed safely and appropriately in accordance with the nature of the good
44
Q

What are the four types of segregation of DG in packaged form and in bulk?

A
  • Away from
  • Separated from
  • Separated by a complete compartment or hold from
  • Separated longitudinally by an intervening complete compartment or hold from
45
Q

Define ‘away from’

A

Effectively segregated so that incompatible materials cannot interact dangerously in the event of an accident, but may be carried in the same hold or compartment or on deck provided a minimum horizontal separation of 3 metres is provided

46
Q

Define ‘separated from’

A

In different holds when stowed under deck.

47
Q

Define ‘separated by a complete compartment or hold from’

A

Either a vertical or a horizontal separation.

48
Q

What does the BLU code stand for?

A

Code of Practice for the Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk Carriers

49
Q

What does the BLU code provide?

A

guidance to ship masters of bulk carriers, terminal operators and other parties concerned with the safe handling, loading and unloading of solid bulk cargoes

50
Q

Define trimming (loading cargo)

A

the partial or total levelling of the cargo within the holds, by means of loading spouts or chutes, portable machinery, equipment or manual labour.

51
Q

Define trimming (unloading cargo)

A

shovelling or sweeping up of smaller quantities of the cargo in the holds by mechanical means (such as bulldozers) or other means to place in a convenient position for discharge.

52
Q

Define trimming (ship)

A

the adding, removal or shifting of weight in a ship to achieve the required forward and aft draughts

53
Q

What are four hazards of coal?

A
  • Coal cargoes may emit methane gas, which is flammable
  • Accumulation of this gas in the hold may also result in leakage into adjacent spaces
  • Some coals may be subject to self-heating and spontaneous combustion
  • Some coals may be liable to react with water and produce acids which may cause corrosion
54
Q

Name the general requirements (precautions) for all coals

A
  • Properly stowed and segregated as per the IMDG and/or IMSBC code
  • Ship has received all relevant information and advised of its characteristics and any special precautions which should be taken
  • Cargo spaces and bilges clean and dry
  • All electrical components in cargo space and adjacent areas free from defects and safe to be used in a flammable atmosphere or able to be isolated
  • Ship should have equipment to measure gas concentration levels > methane, oxygen and carbon monoxide and be able to test the PH of bilge water
  • Regularly test bilge water throughout voyage
  • Should have temperature reading device to measure cargo hold temperature
  • Smoking and naked flames prohibited in area of cargo
  • Suitably trim cargo before departure so that pockets of space where gas could accumulate in cargo is removed
  • Surface ventilate the cargo for 24 hours after departure, if methane levels are acceptably low then close ventilation
  • Check the atmosphere in adjacent spaces regularly and ensure they are well-ventilated
  • Do not vent gases onto deck spaces where it may accumulate
  • For self-heating coals limit ventilation to the minimum
  • For coal emitting methane > maintain adequate surface ventilation but do not introduce air into the body of the coal as it may promote self-heating
  • The temperature of the cargo when the hatches are open should not exceed 55 degrees, if so, then seek expert advice.
  • If behaviour of coal during voyage differs to what has been told by the shipper, report differences to shipper

Dry cargo (6 decks)

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