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Histology > Ch 9 Blood > Flashcards

Ch 9 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood?

A
  • a fluid connective tiss that circulates through the cardiovasc sys
  • 6 L total vol, 7-8% total body weight in adult
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2
Q

Functions

A
  • transport nutrients and O2, directly or indirectly to cells
  • transport wastes and CO2 away fr cells
  • delivery of hormones and other reg substances to and fr cells and tiss
  • maintenance of homeostasis by acting as a buffer and by participating in coagulation and thermoreg
  • transport of humoral agents and cells of immune sys, that protect body fr patho agents, foreign proteins, and transformed cells. Ex: cancer cells
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3
Q

Components:

*hematocrit

A
  • erythrocytes: 5 x 10^12 cells/L of blood
  • leukocytes: 7 x 10^9/L of blood
  • platelets
  • plasma: 1% of blood (along w/ leukocytes)

*vol of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood

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4
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • liquid extracellular material that imparts fluid properties to blood.
  • more than 90% of weight is water
  • serves as a solvent for many solutes
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5
Q

Plasma components

*interstitial fluid of conn. tiss is derived from blood plasma

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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6
Q

Albumin:

A
  • main protein constituent
  • smallest plasma protein, made in liver
  • responsible for exerting the conc. gradient bet. blood and extracell tiss. fluid
  • act as an carrier protein for hormones, metabolites, and drugs
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7
Q

Globulins:

A
  • immunoglobulins: largest component (y-globulins)-antibodies
  • non-immune globulins (a,B-globulins)
    • secreted by liver
    • maintain osmotic pressure, serve as carrier proteins
    • include, fibronectin, lipoprotein, coagulation factors, other molecules
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8
Q

Fibrinogen:

A
  • largest protein made in liver

- transformed into fibrin: forms insol clot in event of damage to blood vessel

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9
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A
  • anucleate, biconcave disks, devoid of typical organelles
  • to bind O2 for delivery to tiss, in exchange bind CO2 for removal fr tiss.
  • its shape max’s surface area, important for gas xchange
  • 120 days lifespan, phag by macrophage in spleen, bone marrow, liver
  • deformable, allowing to pass easily through smallest vessels
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10
Q

Shape of erythrocytes maintained by:

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • integral membrane protein
  • peripheral membrane proteins
  • gives elastic properties and stability to membrane
  • contain hemoglobin, specialized protein for transport of O2 and CO2
  • consists of 4 polypeptide chains
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11
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • small membrane-bounded anucleate cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes-large polyploidy cells whose nuclei contain multiple sets of chromos.
  • discoid structures about 2-3 um
  • lifespan 10 days from bone marrow
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12
Q

4 zones of platelets

A
  1. peripheral: thick coat of glycocalyx receptors
  2. structural:
  3. organelle
  4. membrane:channels
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13
Q

Function of platelets

A
  • continuous surveillance of blood vessels, blood clot formation, repair injured tiss
  • survey endothelial lining of blood vessels for gaps and breaks
  • when a blood vessel is injured or broken, platelets adhere to the exposed tiss at the damaged site
  • primary hemostatic platelet plug
  • secondary hemostatic plug
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14
Q

Formation of Blood cells (Hemopoiesis):

A
  1. erythropoiesis
  2. leucopoiesis
  3. thrombopoiesis
  • initiated in early embryonic dev’t
  • yolk sac phase
  • hepatic
  • bone marrow
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15
Q

Describe Erythropoiesis

A
  • develop from Myeloid stem cell
  • with help of Erythropoietin (which is a glycoprotein secreted by kidney, in response to decreased blood [O2] and regulates formation and release)

1a. myeloid stem cell
1. proerythroblast: large cell, spherical nucleus, presence of free ribos.(->mitosis)
2. basophilic erythroblast: smaller, large # of free ribos(polyribos) that syn hemoglobin
3. polychromatophillic ery: gray or lilac color, shows both acidophilic and basophilic staining of cyto
4. orthochromatophillic (normoblast): small, compact, densely stained nucleus. no longer capable of division. increased acidophilic cyto.
5. polychromatophilic ery: extruded its smaller nucleus. coarse hematocrin granules form a checker-board pattern that helps this cell type. ready to pass into sinus of bone marrow

  • these polyribos impart slight basophilia to otherwise eosinophilic cells-can be demo w/ special stains that cause them to clump and form reticular network called Reticulocytes (1-2% of total RBC count)
  • mitosis occurs in 1,2,3 and released into circulation as soon as formed
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16
Q

Describe Granulopoiesis

A
  1. Myeloblasts
  2. Promyelocytes-only cells to produce azurophillic granules(large, spherical nucleus
  3. Myelocytes-first exhibit specific granules(spherical nucleus, becomes heterochromatic and acquires distinct indentation during subsequent divisions)
    - cell div stops
  4. Metamyelocyte-neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil lines can be indentified by the presence of numerous specific granules

*cytokines are glycoprotein hormones and stimulating factors that reg all stages of hemopoiesis.

17
Q

Describe Monocyte Development

A
  1. Monoblasts
    - The multipotential myeloid stem cell (CFU-GEMM) also gives rise to cells that develop along the monocyte-macrophage pathway
    - takes about 55 hours and the monocytes remain in the circulation for about 16 hours befor emigrating to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages.
18
Q

Describe Megakaryocyte Dev’t

A
  1. multipotential myeloid stem cell (CFU-GEMM)

2. CFU-Meg Cell -> megakaryocyte->megakaryoblast->megakaryocyte->platelets

19
Q

Lymphopoiesis

  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
A

*multipotential lymphoid stem cells (CFU-L) originate in bone marrow

  • promyelocytes->myelocytes->metamyelocytes
  • monoblasts->monocytes->macrophage
20
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A
  • in medullary cavity of young long bones and the spaces of spongy bone
  • is a closed circulation, where newly formed blood cells must penetrate the endothelium to enter circulation.
  • those not active in blood formation contain adipose cells, giving it the appearance of adipose tiss.
21
Q

Leukocytes:

  • Agranulocytes
  • Granulocytes
A
  • cell that lacks specific granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)
  • cells containing specific granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

*both contain nonspecific azurophilic granules-lysosomes

22
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • most numerous WBCs and most common granulocyte.
  • larger than ery
  • 3 types of granules: 1. specific 2. azurophilic 3. tertiary
  • are motile cells. leave circulation and migrate to their site of action in conn. tiss.
  • are phagocytes at site of inflammation
  • 3 lobes in nucleus
  • inflammation and wound healing also involve monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, fibroblasts
  • eosinophils and lymphocytes are more commonly found at sites of chronic inflammation
23
Q

What is Yellow Bone Marrow?

A
  • inactive bone marrow
  • found in medullary cavity of bones in adult, that are no longer hemopoietically active (long bones of arms, legs, fingers, and toes)
  • retains its hemopoietic potential, and when necessary, as after severe loss of blood, it can revert to red bone marrow
    • by extension of hemopoietic tiss into yellow bone marrow
    • repop of yellow bone marrow by circulating stem cells.
24
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • large, eosinophilic, refractile granules in cytoplasm
  • same size as neutrophils, bilobed (2-lobed) nuclei
  • 2 types granules: 1.specific 2. azurophil
  • associated w/ allergic reactions, parasitic infections, chronic inflammation
  • 2 lobes in nucleus
25
Q

Basophils

A
  • least numerous of WBC’s, <0.5% of total leukocytes
  • 2 types granules: 1. specific 2. azurophilic
  • function like mast cells. react w/ IgE to release vasoactive agents for severe vascular disturbances associated w/ hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
  • cant see nucleus because of all granules
26
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • most functional cells of lymphatic or immune sys.
  • recognize/respond to antigens
  • size of ery
  • 3 types: 1. T lymphocytes(differientiate in thymus) 2. B lymphocytes(bursa) 3. NK cells(kill certain types of transformed cells)
27
Q

3 types of T lymphocytes:

*mediated by surface molecules

A
  1. cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes
  2. Helper CD4+ T lymphocytes
  3. Suppressor and/or cytotoxic CD8+, CD45RA+, T lymphocytes

-60-80% of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes

28
Q

Monocytes

A
  • largest WBC
  • precursor of cells of mononuclear phagocytotic sys
  • travel from bone marrow to body tiss
  • transform into macrophage, which function as antigen-presenting cells in immune sys
  • phago bacteria, other cells, and tiss debris

Histology (11 decks)

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