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APES > ch 9 and 14 > Flashcards

ch 9 and 14 Flashcards

1
Q

aquifers

A

small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment where groundwater is found

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2
Q

unconfined aquifers

A

aquifer that is simply porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow

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3
Q

confined aquifers

A

an aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow

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4
Q

water table

A

uppermost level at which the water in an area fully saturates the rock or soil

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5
Q

recharge

A

the input process of water percolating into an aquifer

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6
Q

springs

A

water from an aquifer that naturally percolates up to the surface

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7
Q

artesian wells

A

drill a hole into a confined aquifer

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8
Q

cone of depression

A

area where there is no longer any groundwater

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9
Q

saltwater intrusion

A

lowering the water table reduces water pressure in the aquifer, allowing the nearby salt water to move into the aquifer

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10
Q

floodplain

A

land adjacent to a river; gets flooded normally; provide a water supply and very fertile soils

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11
Q

oligotrophic

A

low amounts of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen

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12
Q

mesotrophic

A

moderate level of productivity

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13
Q

eutrophic

A

high levels of productivity

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14
Q

impermeable surfaces

A

pavement or surface that is paved over and water cannot permeate through

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15
Q

levees

A

bank built up on either side of a river to prevent flooding

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16
Q

dikes

A

structure to prevent ocean flooding

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17
Q

dam

A

most built for flood control, electricity and recreation

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18
Q

reservoir

A

the area where water is stored behind the dam

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19
Q

fish ladder

A

a stair-like structure that allows migrating fish to get around a dam (another option is salmon cannon)

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20
Q

aqueducts

A

canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another

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21
Q

desalinization

A

removing salt from the water

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22
Q

hydroponic agriculture

A

the cultivation of plants in greenhouse conditions by immersing roots in a nutrient-rich solution

23
Q

distillation

A

boil and collect the fresh water

24
Q

reverse osmosis

A

force water through a membrane to filter out pure water

25
Q

furrow irrigation

A

cutting furrows between crop rows and filling with water. Inexpensive but 1/3 of water is lost to evaporation and runoff

26
Q

flood irrigation

A

flooding agricultural field with water ; leads to water logging

27
Q

spray irrigation

A

pumping groundwater into spray nozzles across field system

28
Q

drip irrigation

A

perforated hoses release small amounts of water to plant roots

29
Q

water pollution

A

contamination of streams, rivers, lakes, oceans or groundwater with substances produced through human activities

30
Q

watershed

A

area of land where all of the water that falls in it and drains off of it goes to common outlet

31
Q

non-point sources

A

a diffused area that produces pollution

32
Q

wastewater

A

water produced by livestock operations and human activities

33
Q

point sources

A

distinct location from which pollution is directly produced

34
Q

oxygen demanding waste

A

put a large demand for oxygen in the water; low BOD means less pollution and high BOD means high pollution

35
Q

biochemical oxygen demand

A

the amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at specific temperatures

36
Q

eutrophication

A

phenomenon in which a body of water becomes rich in nutrients

37
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

increase in fertility in a body of water ; the result of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients

38
Q

algal bloom

A

rapid growth of algae; when it dies, the BOD goes up and bacteria consume all the DO in water during decomposition of the dead algae

39
Q

riparian buffer zones

A

strips of vegetation adjacent to water bodies to trap eroding soil particles

40
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing bacteria

41
Q

indicator species

A

species that indicates whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely to be present

42
Q

fecal coliform bacteria

A

group of generally harmless microorganisms in human intestines that can serve as an indicator species for potentially harmful microorganisms associated with contaminated sewage

43
Q

septic system

A

relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field; mainly used in rural areas

44
Q

septic tank

A

large container that receives wastewater from a hose as part of a septic system

45
Q

leach field

A

component of septic system made up of underground pipes laid below the ground

46
Q

sludge

A

solid waste materials from wastewater

47
Q

manure lagoons

A

human-made pond lined with rubber built to handle large quantities of livestock manure

48
Q

acid deposition

A

acids deposited on Earth as rain and snow or as gases and particles that attach to the surfaces of plants, soil, and water

49
Q

PCBs

A

used in plastic manufacturing and to insulate electrical equipment; carcinogen

50
Q

phthalates

A

endocrine disruptor; estrogen!!

51
Q

PFAs

A

found in nonstick pans; POPs

52
Q

thermal pollution

A

nonchemical water pollution occurs when human activities cause a substantial change in water temp

53
Q

thermal shock

A

dramatic change in water temp kill organisms

54
Q

maximum contaminant levels

A

APES (2 decks)

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