Ch. 9 Flashcards
Three structural joint classifications
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Three functional classifications: (Determined by the amount of mobility)
- Synarthrosis - immobile
- Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
- Diarthrosis - freely moveable
- Adjacent bones are directly connected to each other by fibrous connective tissue
- do not have joint cavity
Fibrous Joints
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
- Sutures
- Syndesmosis: held together by ligaments (ex: between the ulna and radius)
- Gomphosis: between tooth & bony socket
- Adjacent bones united by cartilage
- lack of joint cavity
Cartilaginous joints
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis: joined together by hyaline cartilage
Symphysis: bones are joined by fibrocartilage (ex: pubic symphysis)
Most common and only joint with cavity
Synovial joints
What are the sutures of a synovial joint?
- Articular capsule (dense irregular connective tissue & joint capsule)
- Articular cartilage (glassy smooth, spongy cushions, 1mm or less thick, protects bone ends)
- Synovial membrane (loose connective tissue)
- Synovial fluid (slippery fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule, filtered from capillaries in the synovial membrane, thins with increased temp due to motion)
- Joint cavity
compression squeezes synovial fluid out of the articular cartilage. Release allows it back in. Provides lubrication and nutrition.
Synovial Joints: Weeping Lubrication
- Immobile or nearly immobile joint
- Important where the bones provide protection (ex: sutures and manubriosternal joint)
Synarthrosis
Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
Sutures
Cartilaginous joint that unites manubrium and sternum
Manubriosternal joint
- Limited mobility
- Ex: cartilaginous joint - unites bodies of adjacent vertebrae; pubic symphysis of the pelvis - right and left hip bones are anchored to each other
Amphiarthrosis
- Synovial joints of the body = divided into three categories: 1. Uniaxial: motion in a single plane
2. Biaxial: motion within two planes
3. Multiaxial: several directions of movements
Diarthrosis
List of common sutures found in synovial joints
- extrinsic, intrinsic, & intracapsular ligaments
- tendon
- articular disc
- meniscus
- bursa
- subcutaneous bursa
- submascular bursa
- subtendinous bursa
- tendon sheath
Synovial joints
- femur
- posterior cruciate ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
- tibia
- tendon of quadriceps femoris
- suprapatellar bursa
- patella
- prepatellar bursa
- synovial cavity
- infrapatellar fat pad
- infrapatellar bursa
- patellar ligament
Types of synovial joints
- pivot joint (between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
- Hinge joint (elbow)
- Saddle joint (between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone)
- Plane joint (between tarsal bones)
- Condyloid joint (between radius and carpal bones of wrist)
- Ball-and-socket joint (hip joint)
bone rotates within a ring; uniaxial, diarthrosis (atlas/axis)
pivot joint
flexing and extending motions; uniaxial (elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes)
hinge joint
shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone (radius and carpals)
- biaxial joint
- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements (metacarpophalangeal (knuckle joints of fingers; radiocarpal joint of wrist; metatarsophalangeal joints for toes
condyloid joint
articulating surfaces for the bones have a saddle shape (trapezium/first metacarpal)
- biaxial joint
- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements (first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; sternoclavicular joint)
saddle joint
articulating surfaces of bones are flat or slightly (tarsals)
- multiaxial joint
- inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column (intertarsal joints of foot; superior-interior articular process articulations between vertebrae)
plane joint
rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone (hip)
-multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements (shoulder and hip joints)
ball-and-socket
Types of joint movements
- flexion & extension
- abduction & adduction
- circumduction
- rotation
- supination & pronation
- dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
- protraction & retraction
- depression & elevation
- excursion: lateral & medial
- superior and inferior rotation: scapula
- opposition & reposition
- flexion - bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
- extension - reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
- abduction - movement away from the midline
- adduction - movement toward the midline
- circumduction - movement describes a cone in space
Angular movement
- turning of a bone around its own long axis
- ex: between first two vertebrae; hip and shoulder joints
Rotation
Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at synovial joints between superior & inferior articular processes
Zygapophysial joints, plane joints
Articulations between the metacarpals and phalanges and the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles on the base of skull
Metacarpophalangeal/condyloid joints
- ball-and socket joint formed by articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
- largest range of motion
- also called the glenohumeral joint
Shoulder joint
- formed by the humeroulnar and radioulnar joints (hinge and pivot joints)
- articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna
Elbow joint
- multiaxial ball-and-socket joint
- head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone
Hip joint
Largest joint of the body
Knee joint
Three articulations (joints) of the knee
- Femoropatellar
- Medial tibiofemoral
- Lateral tibiofemoral
Ligaments of the knee joint
- Fibular collateral ligament
- Tibial collateral ligament
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
Meniscus of the knee joint
Medial and lateral meniscus
- Talocrural joint is a uniaxial hinge joint (for dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the foot)
- movements between talus and calcaneus (subtalar joint) with other intertarsal joints (enables eversion/inversion movements of the foot).
Ankle/foot joints
