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Psych 381 > Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

fully colorblind - Rods only - See shades of grey

A

Achromatopsia

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2
Q

lack of red

difficulty with blue/green red/green

A

Protanopia

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3
Q

Lack of Green cones

  • difficulty with red/purple and green/purple
  • most common - 5% of mean and .4% women
A

Deuteranopia

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4
Q

lack of blue

-difficulty yellow/green and blue/green

A

Tritanopia

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5
Q

Transduce (change) sensory energy into neural activity

A

Sensory Receptors

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6
Q

light energy- chemical energy

Sensory receptors respond to different inputs

A

vision-

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7
Q

air pressure- mechanical energy

Sensory receptors respond to different inputs

A

auditory

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8
Q

mechanical energy

Sensory receptors respond to different inputs

A

somatosensory

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9
Q

chemical molecules

Sensory receptors respond to different inputs

A

taste and olfaction

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10
Q

sensitivity of a sensory system.
-tactile receptors on the fingers vs arm.
-explains why the fingers can discriminate touch remarkably well and the arm
cannot do so as well.

A

Receptor Density

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11
Q
  • part of visual world that stimulates a receptor cell or neuron
  • Receptors connect to the cortex via 3 or 4 innervating neurons
A

Receptive fields

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12
Q

steam of visual stimuli- forward movement. We have holes in our vision but the brain files in the gaps.

A

Optic flow

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13
Q

change in sound is heard - person moves past a sound source

A

Auditory flow

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14
Q

How do action potentials encode the features of sensations (e.g. purple vs. blue)?

  • encoded as increase in neuron firing rate
  • increase or decrease - encodes intensity

How do action potentials code the different kinds of sensations (ex: vision vs touch)

  • Each sensation processed in different areas of the cortex
  • Experience- distinguish different senses
  • Separate neural systems distinct pattern of wiring
A

Sensory coding and Representation (285)

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15
Q

very subjective… interpretation of sensory information in brain

A

Perception (286)

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16
Q
  • not an objective reproduction of world
  • subjective construction of reality that is
  • manufactured by the brain.
A

Visual experience

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17
Q

Visible wavelength: About 400 nanometers (violet) to 700 nanometers (red) Nanometer (nm): one-billionth of a meter

A

The Basics- Visible Light and the structure of the eye (288) KNOW THIS SPECTRUM!!!!

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18
Q
  • light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye consisting of neurons and photoreceptor cells.
A

Retina (287)

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19
Q

region at the center of the retina that is specialized for high acuity; its receptive fields are at the center of the eye’s visual field.

A

Fovea (290)

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20
Q

photoreceptor specialized for functioning

at low light levels.

A

rod

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21
Q

photoreceptor specialized for color and

high visual acuity.

A

cone

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22
Q

region of the retina where axons
forming the optic nerve leave the eye and
where blood vessels enter and leave; has no
photoreceptors and is thus “blind.”

A

blind spot

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23
Q

(nearsighted)
Inability to focus on distant objects
light focal point falls short of the retina

A

Myopia

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24
Q

(Farsighted)
Inability to focus on near objects
focal point falls beyond the retina

A

Hyperopia

25
Q

Common in older adults - far sighted

A

Presbyopia

26
Q

specialized type of retinal
cell that transduces light into neural activity

(inner and outer segment)

A

photoreceptor

27
Q

-Absorb light over a range of frequencies - maximal absorptions:

  • 419 nm “blue” or short wavelength
  • 531 nm “green” or middle wavelength
  • 559 nm “red” or long wavelength
  • Equal numbers of red and green cones
  • Fewer blue cones
A

Three Types of Cones (Pigments) (291-292) Figures 9-5 & 9-7

28
Q

-cones - highest at the fovea and decrease precipitously towards the periphery
-no rods the fovea
rods increase in number around the fovea
-Rods decrease gradually in number towards the periphery
-No Rods and cones in blind spot
-ganglion cell axons exit to brain and blood vessels
-(remember the eye is a sphere and has 3 dimensions

A

Distribution of Rods and Cones

29
Q

projections from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex.

-Helps you arrive at the WHAT

A

Geniculostriate System (295) Figure 9-11

30
Q

projections from the retina to the superior colliculus to the pulvinar
(thalamus) to the parietal and temporal visual areas.

Helps you arrive at the HOW OR WHERE

A

Tectopulvinar System

31
Q

junction of the optic nerves, one from each eye, at which the axons from the nasal (inside—nearer the nose) halves of the retinas cross to the opposite side of the brain.

A

Crossing the Optic Chiasm (294) Figure 9-10 VERY IMPORTANT

32
Q

Blindness of one quadrant of the visual field.

A

quadrantanopia

33
Q

small blind spot in the visual field
caused by migraine or by a small lesion of the
visual cortex.

A

scotoma

34
Q

Blindness of an entire left or right visual field.

A

homonymous hemianopia

35
Q

Destruction of the retina of optic nerve

A

Monocular Blindness

36
Q

Originates in occipital cortex- parietal cortex

  • the “how” pathway (how action is guided toward objects)
  • Also called where pathway
A

Dorsal Visual Stream

37
Q
  • Originates in the occipital cortex - temporal cortex

- the “WHAT” pathway (identifies what an object is)

A

Ventral Visual Stream

38
Q 
At least 6 different visual regions 
Primary Visual cortex (V1)
Striate Cortex - input from the LGN
Extrastriate (Secondary Visual) Cortex
Visual cortical areas
A

Occipital Cortex (298) Figure 9-16

39
Q

region in the visual cortex that contains color-sensitive neurons, as revealed by staining for cytochrome oxidase.

A

blob

Heterogeneity of V1 (298) Figure 9-17

40
Q
  • A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responds to stimulation of small circular patch of retina=cell’s receptive field
  • Coding location
    • Light shone in one place on the retina will activate one ganglion cell
    • Light shone in another place will activate a different ganglion cell
A

Coding Location in the Retina

41
Q
  • Each LGN cell represents a particular place

- projects to V1- topographic map

A

Cells in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus have visual fields (301) Figure 9-21

42
Q

Each ganglion cell tells the brain about the amount of light hitting a certain spot on the retina compared with the rest of the retina

A

Receptive-Field Hierarchy (302) Figure 9-23

43
Q
  • Excited when light falls on the center
  • Inhibited when wight falls on the surround
  • Light across whole receptive field - weak excited
A

On-Center cells

44
Q
  • excited when light falls on the surround
  • inhibited when light falls on center
  • light across the whole receptive field- weak inhibition
A

Off-center cells

45
Q

explanation of color vision based on the coding of three primary colors: red, green, and blue.

  • three colors- red, green, and blue
  • color determined- relative responses of cone type
  • explain color blindness
  • limitation: four basic colors, red, blue, green and yellow can’t explain afterimage
A

Trichromatic theory:

46
Q

explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of the apparently opposing pairs of colors: red versus green and blue versus yellow.

A

Opponent Processing theory (310)

47
Q

Opponent Processing theory & Trichromatic theory; what is this and how does it work? good exam question, why do we need both theories:

A

need the three cones and we need yellow and we get it through…)

Opposition of colors
  Red vs Green
  Blue vs Yellow
Opponent processing in retinal ganglion cells
-on/off center-surround receptive fields
- ~60% of retinal ganglion.
48
Q

the amount of light reflected by an object relative to its surroundings.
Ganglion cells provide information about edges…It’s all about the edges

-This allows input from Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGC’s) to tell the brain about shape

A

Luminance Contrast

49
Q
  • Unlike a simple cell’s on–off
    response pattern, a complex cell in the visual cortex shows the same response throughout
    its circular receptive field, responding best to bars of light moving at a particular angle. The
    response is reduced or absent with the bar of light at other orientations.
A

Complex Cells Figure 9-30 (307)

50
Q
  • A hypercomplex cell in the visual cortex responds to a moving bar of light in a particular orientation (horizontal, e.g.) anywhere in the excitatory (ON) part of its receptive field. If most of the bar extends into the inhibitory area (OFF), however, the response is inhibited.
A

Hypercomplex Cells Figure 9-31 (307)

51
Q
  • functional column in the visual cortex maximally responsive to information coming from one eye.
A

ocular-dominance column (306)

52
Q

cells maximally excited by complex visual stimuli (e.g. faces or hands)

  • particular faces seen head-on
  • faces viewed in profile
  • certain facial expressions
  • animal faces

Stimulus equivalence
-Recognize object is the same across different orientations

Ventral stream is the “HOW OR WHERE” we recognize

A

Shape processing - Temporal cortex (308-309) Figure 9-35

53
Q

inability to recognize objects or drawings of objects.

A

Injury to the “WHAT” pathway (314)

visual-form agnosia (314)

54
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability recognize previously familiar stimuli

55
Q

Color Agnosia (achromatopsia)

A

Inability to recognize colors

56
Q

Face Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

57
Q

Patients with visual-form agnosia cannot recognize objects, they can:

A 
copy objects
draw objects from memory 
cannot later recognized copied objects
shape their hands appropriately when grasping for objects
not able to recognize those objects
58
Q

deficit in the visual control of reaching and other movements.

A

Injury to the “HOW” Pathway (316)

optic ataxia

Psych 381 (3 decks)

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