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BIO 210 > ch. 9 > Flashcards

ch. 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

the study of heredity

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2
Q

Differences b/w human and bacteria genetics

A
  • genetic diversity is not established in binary fusion
  • Bacteria divide by binary fusion or mitosis

100% identical genome of parent to daughter, as long as no mutation occured

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3
Q

genome

A

sum total of genetic material of an organism

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4
Q

Where do genome appear in non-chromosomal sites? (#3)

A

mitochondria

chloroplasts

plasmids

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5
Q

Genome of cells - do they contain DNA or RNA?

A

DNA

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6
Q

Genome of viruses - do they contain DNA or RNA?

A

BOTH

DNA OR RNA

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7
Q

chromosome

A

discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule

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8
Q

Where are eukaryotic chromosomes located? How many and shape?

A

located in the nucleus

multiple and linear

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9
Q

Bacterial chromosomes. How many and shape?

A

single circular loop

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10
Q

What are chromosomes subdivided into?

A

genes

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11
Q

Define genes

A

the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait

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12
Q

Genes function

A
  • provides information for a certain cell function
  • segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule
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13
Q

GENE LOCATION

A

SITE ON THE CHROMOSOME

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14
Q

What are the three basic categories of genes?

A
  1. genes that code for proteins - structural genes
  2. genes that code for RNA
  3. genes that control gene expression - regulatory genes
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15
Q

Define genotype

A

all types of genes constitute the genetic makeup

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16
Q

Define phenotype

A
  • the expression of the genotype creates observable traits
  • what can you see - but not as accurate for bacteria
  • physical traits with microscope or staining
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17
Q

How are DNA molecule compacted in the cell?

A

supercoils or superhelices

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18
Q

In prokaryotes, by the action of the enzyme DNA gyrase - function?

A

makes and unknot

prevents DNA knot coils

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19
Q

In eukaryotes packaging is more complex. Describe packaging

A

three or more levels of coiling, starting with a chain of nucleosome (DNA around histone proteins)

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20
Q

PURINE

A

Adenine and Guanine

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21
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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22
Q

Replication occurs on both strands _________

A

simultaneously

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23
Q

Describe the semiconservative process

A
  1. the parent DNA molecule is uncoiled
  2. The two strands are separated exposing the nucleotide sequence to serve as templates
  3. two new complementary strands are synthesized by using each single-stranded template as pattern
24
Q

All chromosomes have a specific origin of replication T OR F?

A

TRUE

25
Q

Define origin of replication

A

site as the place where replication is AT-rich, thus less energy is required to separate the two strands

26
Q

how many replication forks?

A

2

27
Q

Define replication forks

A

where new DNA is being synthesized, each containing its own set of replication enzymes

28
Q

Helicase function

A

unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix

29
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

adds DNA nucleotides to make daughter strand

30
Q

making an exact duplicate of the DNA requires how many different enzymes?

A

30 different enzymes

31
Q

Where is RNA primer synthesized?

A

at the origin of replication by a primase

32
Q

DNA polymerase III direction of synthesis

A

adds nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction

33
Q

Leading strand - direction it is synthesized?

A

continuously in 5’ to 3’ direction

34
Q

Lagging strand - direction it is synthesized?

A

synthesized 5’ to 3’ in short segments; overall direction is 3’ to 5’

35
Q

DNA polymerase I function

A

removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

36
Q

what is transcription?

A

genetic information in DNA molecules is conveyed to RNA through the process of transcription

37
Q

What is translation?

A

the information contained in the RNA molecule is then used to produce proteins in the process of translation

38
Q

A wide variety of specialized RNAs act by regulating gene function such as

A

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

39
Q

each structural gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein’s ______ ______

A

primary structure

40
Q

Groups of three consecutive bases, ________ or _______, on one DNA strand are transcribed into RNA sequence triplets

A

triplets or codons

41
Q

Each triplet of nucleotides on the RNA specifies a particular ___ ___

A

amino acid

42
Q

A protein’s primary structure (chain of amino acids) determines

A

shape and function

43
Q

Proteins contribute to the cell phenotype as ______ and ________

A

enzymes and structural proteins

44
Q

The general structure of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) is different than that of the DNA molecule in several ways:

list them (3)

A
  1. RNA is single-stranded molecule that can assume secondary and tertiary levels of complexity, leading to specialized forms of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)
  2. RNA contains uracil (U), no thymine (T) like DNA, as the complementary base-pairing mate for adenine (A)
  3. The sugar in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose
45
Q

messenger mrna contain codes for

A

sequence of amino acids in proteins

46
Q

mRNA function

A

carries the DNA master code to the ribosomes

47
Q

Is mRNA translated?

A

yes

48
Q

tRNA contains codes for

A

specifying a given amino acid

49
Q

function of tRNA

A

carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation

50
Q

Is tRNA translated?

A

NO

51
Q

(ribosomal) rRNA contains codes for

A

forms the major part of ribosomes and participates in protein synthesis

52
Q

Is rRNA translated?

A

no

53
Q

primer contains codes for

A

an RNA that can begin DNA replication

54
Q

function of primer

A

primes DNA

55
Q

Is primer translated?

A

no

BIO 210 (10 decks)

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