ch. 9

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

the study of heredity

Question 2

Differences b/w human and bacteria genetics

Answer 2

• genetic diversity is not established in binary fusion
• Bacteria divide by binary fusion or mitosis

100% identical genome of parent to daughter, as long as no mutation occured

Question 3

genome

Answer 3

sum total of genetic material of an organism

Question 4

Where do genome appear in non-chromosomal sites? (#3)

Answer 4

mitochondria

chloroplasts

plasmids

Question 5

Genome of cells - do they contain DNA or RNA?

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

Genome of viruses - do they contain DNA or RNA?

Answer 6

BOTH

DNA OR RNA

Question 7

chromosome

Answer 7

discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule

Question 8

Where are eukaryotic chromosomes located? How many and shape?

Answer 8

located in the nucleus

multiple and linear

Question 9

Bacterial chromosomes. How many and shape?

Answer 9

single circular loop

Question 10

What are chromosomes subdivided into?

Answer 10

genes

Question 11

Define genes

Answer 11

the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait

Question 12

Genes function

Answer 12

• provides information for a certain cell function
• segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule

Question 13

GENE LOCATION

Answer 13

SITE ON THE CHROMOSOME

Question 14

What are the three basic categories of genes?

Answer 14

1. genes that code for proteins - structural genes
2. genes that code for RNA
3. genes that control gene expression - regulatory genes

Question 15

Define genotype

Answer 15

all types of genes constitute the genetic makeup

Question 16

Define phenotype

Answer 16

• the expression of the genotype creates observable traits
• what can you see - but not as accurate for bacteria
• physical traits with microscope or staining

Question 17

How are DNA molecule compacted in the cell?

Answer 17

supercoils or superhelices

Question 18

In prokaryotes, by the action of the enzyme DNA gyrase - function?

Answer 18

makes and unknot

prevents DNA knot coils

Question 19

In eukaryotes packaging is more complex. Describe packaging

Answer 19

three or more levels of coiling, starting with a chain of nucleosome (DNA around histone proteins)

Question 20

PURINE

Answer 20

Adenine and Guanine

Question 21

Pyrimidines

Answer 21

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 22

Replication occurs on both strands _________

Answer 22

simultaneously

Question 23

Describe the semiconservative process

Answer 23

1. the parent DNA molecule is uncoiled
2. The two strands are separated exposing the nucleotide sequence to serve as templates
3. two new complementary strands are synthesized by using each single-stranded template as pattern

Question 24

All chromosomes have a specific origin of replication T OR F?

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

Define origin of replication

Answer 25

site as the place where replication is AT-rich, thus less energy is required to separate the two strands

Question 26

how many replication forks?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

Define replication forks

Answer 27

where new DNA is being synthesized, each containing its own set of replication enzymes

Question 28

Helicase function

Answer 28

unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix

Question 29

DNA polymerase III

Answer 29

adds DNA nucleotides to make daughter strand

Question 30

making an exact duplicate of the DNA requires how many different enzymes?

Answer 30

30 different enzymes

Question 31

Where is RNA primer synthesized?

Answer 31

at the origin of replication by a primase

Question 32

DNA polymerase III direction of synthesis

Answer 32

adds nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction

Question 33

Leading strand - direction it is synthesized?

Answer 33

continuously in 5' to 3' direction

Question 34

Lagging strand - direction it is synthesized?

Answer 34

synthesized 5' to 3' in short segments; overall direction is 3' to 5'

Question 35

DNA polymerase I function

Answer 35

removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

Question 36

what is transcription?

Answer 36

genetic information in DNA molecules is conveyed to RNA through the process of transcription

Question 37

What is translation?

Answer 37

the information contained in the RNA molecule is then used to produce proteins in the process of translation

Question 38

A wide variety of specialized RNAs act by regulating gene function such as

Answer 38

tRNA mRNA rRNA

Question 39

each structural gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein's ______ ______

Answer 39

primary structure

Question 40

Groups of three consecutive bases, ________ or _______, on one DNA strand are transcribed into RNA sequence triplets

Answer 40

triplets or codons

Question 41

Each triplet of nucleotides on the RNA specifies a particular ___ ___

Answer 41

amino acid

Question 42

A protein's primary structure (chain of amino acids) determines

Answer 42

shape and function

Question 43

Proteins contribute to the cell phenotype as ______ and ________

Answer 43

enzymes and structural proteins

Question 44

The general structure of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) is different than that of the DNA molecule in several ways: list them (3)

Answer 44

1. RNA is single-stranded molecule that can assume secondary and tertiary levels of complexity, leading to specialized forms of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) 2. RNA contains uracil (U), no thymine (T) like DNA, as the complementary base-pairing mate for adenine (A) 3. The sugar in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose

Question 45

messenger mrna contain codes for

Answer 45

sequence of amino acids in proteins

Question 46

mRNA function

Answer 46

carries the DNA master code to the ribosomes

Question 47

Is mRNA translated?

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

tRNA contains codes for

Answer 48

specifying a given amino acid

Question 49

function of tRNA

Answer 49

carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation

Question 50

Is tRNA translated?

Answer 50

NO

Question 51

(ribosomal) rRNA contains codes for

Answer 51

forms the major part of ribosomes and participates in protein synthesis

Question 52

Is rRNA translated?

Answer 52

no

Question 53

primer contains codes for

Answer 53

an RNA that can begin DNA replication

Question 54

function of primer

Answer 54

primes DNA

Question 55

Is primer translated?

Answer 55

no