Ch 9-13 Vocab Flashcards
Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded a series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo (1405-1433)
Zheng He
Cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages
Renaissance
One of hte major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an italian author and humanist
Francesco Petrarch
Regional kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of the peninsula from Muslims and ultimately united under the Spanish monarchy
Castile and Aragon
Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a western route to the “Indies”; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic
Vivaldis
Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese prince responsible for the direction of a series of expeditions along the African coast in 15th century; marked the beginning of Western European expansion
Henry the Navigator
Established by Europeans by the 16th century; based on control of seas, including the Atlantic and Pacific; created international exchange of plants and animals, diseases, and manufactured products
world economy
Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India
Cape of Good Hope
Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castil and Aragon; successfully sailed to the New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas
Christopher Columbus
Portuguese captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines
Ferdinance Magellan
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
Dutch East India Company
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
British East India Company
Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571
Lepanto
Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials
core nations
Economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17+18th centuries in Europe
mercantilism
People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor systems
Mestizos
First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains.
Vasco de Balboa
French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system
New France
Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most Inca possessions fell to the Spanish
Francisco Pizarro
Fought in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America.
Seven Years’ War
Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years’ War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar islands in Caribbean.
Treaty of Paris
Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.
Cape Colony
Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in Southern Africa
Boers
Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early parts of seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal
Calcutta
Author of The Prince; emphasized reastic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influencial authors of the Italian Renaissance
niccolo Machiavelli
Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles; in particular the study of ancient languages
humanism
Cultural and intellectual movement of Northern Europe; began laer than Italisn Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor
Francis 1
Introduced movable type to W Europe in 15 century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets
Johannes Gutenberg
Originated in 15 century among peasants and artisans of W Europe; featuring late marriage age, emphasis on nuclear family, and large minority who never married
European-style family
German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic Church; accepted state control of church
Martin Luther
General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther’s attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief
Protestantism
Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry’s death
Anglican Church
French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to Northern Europe and North America
Jean Calvin
Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
Catholic Reformation
A new religious order founded
during the Catholic Reformation;
active in politics, education, and
missionary work; sponsored
missions to South America,
North America, and Asia.
Jesuits
Grant of tolerance to Protestants
in France in 1598; granted only
after lengthy civil war between
Catholic and Protestant factions
Edict of Nantes
War within the Holy Roman
Empire between German
Protestants and their allies
(Sweden, Denmark, France)
and the emperor and his ally,
Spain; ended in 1648 after
great destruction with Treaty of
Westphalia
Thirty Years’ War
Ended Thirty Years’ War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion– either Protestant or Catholic
Treaty of Westphalia
Conflict from 1640-1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of a previous king
English Civil War
Class of working people
without access to wealth-producing property; typically
manufacturing workers, paid
laborers in agricultural economy,
or urban poor; in Europe,
product of economic changes
of sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries
proletariat
Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590-1650; particularly common in Protestant areas
witchcraft persecution
Culminated in seventeenth
century; period of empirical
advances associated with
the development of wider
theoretical generalizations;
resulted in change in specific
beliefs and in wider European
culture
Scientific Revolution
Polish monk
and astronomer; disproved
Hellenistic belief that the
earth was at the center of the
universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
An astronomer
and mathematician who was
a prominent figure in the
Scientific Revolution
Johannes Kepler
Published
Copernicus’s findings; added his
own discoveries concerning laws
of gravity and planetary motion;
condemned by the Catholic
church for his work.
Galileo Galilei
English physician
who demonstrated circular
movement of blood in animals,
function of the heart as a pump
William Harvey
English philosopher,
statesman, author, and scientist;
an influential figure in the
Scientific Revolution; best known
for work on the scientific method.
Francis Bacon
Established the importance of
skeptical review of all received
wisdom; argued that human
reason could then develop
laws that would explain the
fundamental workings of
nature.
Rene Descartes
English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity
Isaac Newton
Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set naturla laws in motion, not to regulate once the process was begun
Deism
English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that the power of government came from teh people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants
John Locke
Concept of government
developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during
the seventeenth century;
featured monarchs who passed
laws without parliaments,
appointed professionalized
armies and bureaucracies,
established state churches,
and imposed state economic
policies.
absolute monarchy
French monarch of
the late seventeenth century
who personified absolute
monarchy.
Louis XIV
English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic soverignty over hte king
Glorious Revolution
Originated in England and Holland in the 17th century, with monarchs partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments
parliamentary monarchy
Prussian king of the
eighteenth century; attempted
to introduce Enlightenment
reforms into Germany; built
on military and bureaucratic
foundations of his predecessors;
introduced freedom of religion;
increased state control of
economy.
Frederick the Great
Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advances, application of scientific methods to study of human society, and belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
Enlightenment
Established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in faor of the operation of market forces
Adam Smith
A French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women
Mary Wollstonecraft
The spread of deep interest
in acquiring material goods
and services below elite levels,
along with a growing economic
capacity to afford some of these
goods. While hints of mass
consumerism can be found in
several premodern societies,
it developed most clearly
beginning in Western Europe
from the eighteenth century
onward.
mass consumerism
A term used to describe the increase of global contacts from 16 century onward, particularly in trade, whle also distinguishing the patterns from the more intense exchanges characteristic of outright globalization
proto-globalization
Along with Isabella
of Castile, monarch of largest
Christian kingdoms in Iberia;
marriage to Isabella created
united Spain; responsible
for reconquest of Granada,
initiation of exploration of New
World
Ferdinand of Aragon
Along with
Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch
of largest Christian kingdoms
in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand
created united Spain;
responsible for reconquest
of Granada, initiation of
exploration of New World
Isabella of Castile
First area of Spanish exploration
and settlement; served as
experimental region for nature
of Spanish colonial experience;
encomienda system of colonial
management initiated here.
Caribbean
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World
Hispaniola
Grant of Indian laboers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
encomienda
The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church
Encomendero
Dominican friar who
supported peaceful conversion
of the Native American
population of the Spanish
colonies; opposed forced labor
and advocated Indian rights.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Led expedition of
600 to coast of Mexico in 1519;
conquistador responsible for
defeat of Aztec Empire; captured
Tenochtitlan.
Cortes, Hernan
Last
independent Aztec emperor;
killed during Hernán Cortés’s
conquest of Tenochtitlan.
Moctezuma II
Capital of New Spain; built
on ruins of Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan.
Mexico City
Spanish colonial administrative unit including Central America, Mexico, and the southeast and southwest of Present day US
New Spain
Leader of Spanish expedition into northern fronteir region of New Spain; entered what is now US in search of mythical cities of gold
Francisco Vazquex de Coronado
Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile & established city of Santiago in 1541
Pedro de Valdivia
Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
mita
Mine located in upper Peru
(modern Bolivia); largest of New
World silver mines; produced 80
percent of all Peruvian silver.
Potosi
Location of greatest deposit
of mercury in South America;
aided in American silver
production; linked with Potosí.
Huancavalica
Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultral products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local sristocracy
haciendas
Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return
consulado
Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from NW colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion
galleons
Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in NW; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas
University-trained lawyers
from Spain in the New World;
juridical core of Spanish colonial
bureaucracy; exercised both
legislative and administrative
functions.
letrados
Body
of laws collected in 1681 for
Spanish possessions in New
World; basis of law in the Indies.
Recopilacion
Body within the Castilian
government that issued all laws
and advised king on all matters
dealing with the Spanish
colonies of the New World.
Council of the Indies
Two major divisions of
Spanish colonies in New
World; one based in Lima, the
other in Mexico City; direct
representatives of the king.
viceroyalties
Senior government officials in
Spanish America; ruled as direct
representative of the king over
the principal administrative units
or viceroyalties; usually high-ranking Spanish nobles with
previous military or governmental
experience. The Portuguese also
used viceroys who resided in
Goa for their possessions in the
Indian Ocean, and then after the
mid-seventeenth century for their
colony in Brazil
voceroys
Royal court of appeals established
in Spanish colonies of New
World; there were 16 throughout
Spanish America; part of colonial
administrative system; staffed by
professional magistrates.
audiencia
Author, poet,
and musician of New Spain;
eventually gave up secular
concerns to concentrate on
spiritual matters.
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony
captaincies
Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search for precious metals and slaves during 17th century
Paulistas
Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush
Minas Gerais
Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais, importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763
Rio de Janeiro
American social system based
on racial origins; Europeans or
whites at top, black slaves or
Native Americans at bottom,
mixed races in middle.
sociedad de castas
People living in the New World
Spanish colonies but born in
Spain.
peninsulares
Whites born in the New World;
dominated local Latin American
economies and ranked just
beneath peninsulares.
Creoles
Clubs ans associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during 18 century; called for material improvements rather than political reform
amigos del pais
Resulted from Bourbon amily’s succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French
War of the Spanish Succesion
Spanish enlightened
monarch; ruled from 1759
to 1788; instituted fiscal,
administrative, and military
reforms in Spain and its empire.
Charles III
Spanish minister
of the West Indies and chief
architect of colonial reform;
moved to eliminate Creoles
from upper bureaucracy of the
colonies; created intendants for
local government.
Jose de Galvez
Prime minister of Portugal
from 1755 to 1776; acted to
strengthen royal authority in
Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted
fiscal reforms and established
monopoly companies to
stimulate the colonial economy.
Marquis of Pombal
One of the popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels
Comunero Revolt
Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed bc of Creole fears of real social revolution
Tupac Amaru II
European trading fortresses
and compounds with resident
merchants; utilized throughout
Portuguese trading empire to
ensure secure landing places
and commerce
factories
Most important of early
Portuguese trading factories in
forest zone of Africa.
El Mina
King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507-1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence, attempted to Christianize all of kingdom
Nzinga Mvemba
Portuguese factory established in 1520 south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola
Luanda
Chartered in 1660s to establish
a monopoly over the slave
trade among British merchants;
supplied African slaves to
colonies in Barbados, Jamaica,
and Virginia.
Royal African Company
Term used within the complex
exchange system established by
the Spanish for African trade;
referred to the value of an adult
male slave.
Indies piece
Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tbocco transported to Europe
triangular trade
Empire established in Gold Coast among Akan ppl settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650
Asante
Member of Oyoko clan of Akan ppl in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire 1701; utilized W firearms
Osei Tutu
Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool
asantehene
Kingdom developed among Fon
or Aja peoples in seventeenth
century; center at Abomey
70miles from coast; under
King Agaja expanded to control
coastline and port of Whydah by
1727; accepted Western firearms
and goods in return for African
slaves.
Dahomey
Nilotic people who migrated
from upper Nile valley;
established dynasty among
existing Bantu population in
lake region of East Central
Africa; center at Bunyoro.
Luo
Pastoral
people of Western Sudan;
adopted purifying Sufi variant of
Islam; under Usman Dan Fodio
in 1804, launched revolt against
Hausa kingdoms; established
state centered on Sokoto.
Fulani
Movement of Boer settlers in
Cape Colony of Southern Africa
to escape influence of British
colonial government in 1834; led
to settlement of regions north of
Orange River and Natal.
Great Trek
Wars of 19 century in S Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of S Africa
Mfecane
New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived Mfecane
Swazi
S African state that survived Mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government
Lesotho
Slave voyage from Africa to the
Americas (sixteenth–eighteenth
centuries); generally a traumatic
experience for black slaves,
although it failed to strip
Africans of their culture.
Middle Passage
Slaevs transported from Africa; almost invariably black
saltwater slaves
American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation
Creole slaves
African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands
obeah
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba ppl
candomble
African religous ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti
vodun
Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000-10,000 ppl; located in Brazil during 17 century; leadership was Angolan
Palmares
Formerly a Dutch plantation
colony on the coast of South
America; location of runaway
slave kingdom in eighteenth
century; able to retain
independence despite attempts
to crush guerrilla resistance
Suriname
British statesman and reformer;
leader of abolitionist movement
in English parliament that led
to end of English slave trade in
1807.
William Wilberforce
