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unit 3 bio > ch 9 > Flashcards

ch 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how is work powered through sunlight

A

energy flows into ecosystem through sunlight, and photosynthesis uses it to create oxygen and organic molecules. these products are used in cellular respiration to regenerate ATP

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2
Q

How do catabolic pathways yield energy

A

by oxidizing organic fuels
ex: fermentation and cellular respiration

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3
Q

oxidation reaction

A

substance loses electrons

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4
Q

reduction reaction

A

substance gains electrons

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5
Q

what does more or less reduction and oxidation mean for energy

A

more reduced a molecule is, the more energy it has stored in its bonds
the more oxidized, the less free energy

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6
Q

oxidation reduction in cellular respiration

A

glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

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7
Q

why is it important that catabolism occurs step by step and not at once

A

large release of energy occurs
energy cant be harnessed/stored

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8
Q

NAD

A

electron acceptor
electrons from consumed organic compounds are transferred to NAD+ to create NADH

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9
Q

NADH

A

represents stored energy
created when NAD+ accepts electrons(2 H from food)
passes electrons to the ETC
3 ATP made from one NADH
forms in Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

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10
Q

FADH2

A

electron carrier
only phosphorylates
formed in Krebs cycle
2 ATP per molecule

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11
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
citric acid/krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation and ETC

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12
Q

Glycolysis location and purpose

A

cytosol
breaks down glucose into pyruvate
splits glucose into 2
doesn’t require oxygen (anaroebic)

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13
Q

Krebs cycle location and purpose

A

mitochondrial matrix (inside)
produce carbon dioxide from pyruvate and NADH and FADH2
uses oxygen indirectly (oxygen present surrounding) —> aerobic

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14
Q

oxidative phosphorylation and ETClocation and purpose

A

inner membrane
electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed to oxygen and generates a lot of ATP
oxygen required

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15
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation in cellular resp

A

occurs in glycolysis and krebs
generate ATP by phosphorylation of ADP with phosphate from substrates

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16
Q

General steps of glycolysis

A

sugar is split into and formed into 2 pyruvate
2 ATP is used to form ADP in energy investment stages, while 4 ATP is formed in energy payoff stages
2 NAD+ receive electrons to create 2 NADH
NADH move to ETC and 2 pyruvate go to link reaction and krebs

17
Q

intermediate step

A

link reaction
pyruvate is converted to acetylene coA
pyruvate enters the mitochondrion from the cytosol through a transport protein, releases a CO2, converts NAD+ into NADH and binds with coenzyme A

18
Q

Kreb’s cycle general steps

A

two occurs per glucose (two pyruvate)
one acetyl coenzyme A enters the cycle and releases 2 carbon, creates 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 and NADH
total: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

19
Q

what do NADH and FADH2 do after Krebs cycle

A

donate electrons to electron transport chain

20
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

production of ATP using energy derived from redox reactions of ETC

21
Q

chemiosmosis

A

moving ions across membrane down electrochemical gradient
couple ETC to ATP synthesis

22
Q

ETC general steps

A
  1. NADH and FADH2 enter chain and donate electrons via H+ and become NAD+ and FAD.
  2. electrons are carried from one complex to the next until oxygen accepts the electrons and bonds with hydrogen to form water
  3. at the same time, H+ protons are being pumped across the membrane to the intermembrane space creating an electrochemical gradient
23
Q

After ETC

A

-Chemiosmosis
- H+ protons have a conc. gradient making them want to flow out the intermembrane space
- H+ flow powers ATP synthase, a motor protein
- ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to form ADP

24
Q

discrepancies in ATP yield

A

After NADH transfers electrons via H to cross mitochondrial membranes, it can result in either NAD+ or FAD. NAD+ results in 3 ATP and FAD results in 2 ATP
depends on what shuttle transports electrons from NADH in cytosol

25
Q

anaerobic respiraton

A

breakdown of glucose with absence of oxygen
- fermentation
- glycolysis produces 2 ATP with or without oxygen

26
Q

fermentation

A

-enables cells to produce ATP without use of oxygen by enabling glycolysis to continue
- alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

27
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one which releases CO2
NAD+ is formed and recycled back to glycolysis
- used by bakers to break down carbs in dough to expand

28
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate converted to lactate as a waste product and CO@ released
NAD+ formed and recycled back to glycolysis
lactate carried to liver and converted back to pyruvate

29
Q

where do most vertebrae get energy for muscle contraction

A

aerobically
circulatory system supplies sufficient oxygen

30
Q

what happens when large vertebrates can’t supply enough oxygen

A

glycogen is broken down and will undergo lactic acid fermentation

31
Q

lactic acid build-up

A

after long periods of lactic acid fermentation, LA builds up
- acid ionizes which forms free H+ and lowers pH of cell, affecting its activities
- this leads to muscle cramps and pain
- defense mechanism to prevent permanent damage during extreme exertion

31
Q

lactic acid build-up

A

after long periods of lactic acid fermentation, LA builds up
- acid ionizes which forms free H+ and lowers pH of cell, affecting its activities
- this leads to muscle cramps and pain
- defense mechanism to prevent permanent damage during extreme exertion

32
Q

point of fermentation

A

converts pyruvate to ethanol or lactate when no O2 is available, and moves pyruvate to link reaction and Krebs if O2 is available

33
Q

how is electron transport related to hydrogen ion movement

A

when electrons are transported along the electron transport chain proteins, energy is captured by the proteins. This gives them energy to pump hydrogen ions and creates the hydrogen ion conc. gradient

unit 3 bio (2 decks)

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