Ch. 9-12 Flashcards
What is maintenance?
Getting behavior to generalize from one time to another
What is continuous reinforcement? (CRF)
reinforcing behavior every time it occurs
What are intermittent schedules?
reinforce some occurrences of the behavior but not others
Ratio schedules
number of behaviors/number of reinforcements
Fixed ratio schedules
a fixed number of times in order to be reinforced
Variable ratio schedules
a fixed number of times, but the number varies around an average ratio
ex. VR 20. number of times person performs the behavior varies, but on avg. ratio is 20:1
Interval schedules
reinforcement is based on the length of the interval or time between reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
a fixed amount of time must elapse before the reinforcement occurs
ex. FI5 for every 5 minutes, then reinforce behavior
Variable interval schedule
same as fixed interval except that length of time between reinforcements varies around some average
Duration schedules
how long the behavior occurs without interruption
Fixed duration schedules
provide reinforcement for target behavior after it occurs for a fixed time period without interruption
ex. for continuously playing the piano for 30 minutes, at the end of it, Mom reinforces with a hug
Variable duration schedules
Sames as fixed, but period in which behavior occurs varies around an average
ex. for 15 min=hug, 45 min=hug, 30 min=hug
Maintenance schedules
A reinforcement schedules used to maintain a target behavior
Not all reinforcement schedules are used as maintenance schedules
What is the ideal maintenance schedule?
Variable ratio
Fixed interval schedules tend to do what?
Scallop
Variable interval schedules are the best, but what are their disadvantages?
Often difficult and time-consuming
Ratio strain
rate of behavior will drop off, and emotional behavior will increase due to stretching the ratio too far (switching from CRF to intermittent too quickly)
To prevent ratio strain
Stretching the ratio: gradually increasing the number of times a behavior must be performed to qualify for reinforcement
Contingency contract
both parties get what they want from each other
-being reinforced by the other person’s actions
ex. teacher want certain behaviors from student; student wants to be reinforced for it.
- not so set that it could also change in that environment
ex. Dr. Holt’s parents and the A
Token economy
variation of contingency contract
token are an exchange for reinforcers
Social contracts
we know what is expected of us in society
Problems with social contract
Too much punishment (not guaranteed all the time), reinforcement too little
-punishment not time consistent
ex. immunizations: rationale: everyone immunize their kids
some parents won’t immunize kids
Counterconditioning
the use of Pavlovian conditioning to undo the undesirable effects of conditioning
What are the two types of counter-conditioning?
desensitization and sensitization training
Desensitization training
reduces inappropriate negative response to a stimulus or event
-can be done by pairing the stimulus that elicits a negative emotional reaction with another stimulus that elicits a positive reaction
Systematic desensitization
- in treatment of phobias
- constructing a hierarchy, relaxation, counterconditioning
- efficient
In-vivo desensitization
“in life” . actually confronts the scene in order to reduce inappropriate negative responses to that event
- sometimes inconvenient to provide real life situations
ex. if someone is afraid of dogs, provide a warehouse of dogs
-time-consuming
Self-desensitization
undergo procedure without the help of a therapist
- idea is whether they can build hierarchies, relaxation therapies, and counterconditioning on their own but with some instruction
- CRITICAL Q: whether person can do the job as well as the therapist
Flooding
abandons hierarchy and imagine most upsetting situation right from the beginning or “floods” person with the stimulus
What are the drawbacks of flooding?
-the therapy session is VERY anxiety provoking
=may lead them to avoid the therapy
-less room for error in flooding
=panicking,hyperventilating from the situation, may run away from therapy. Panicking and hyperventilitating are now aversive and are being reinforced.
sensitization
a form of counnterconditioning that reduces the strength of a positive, emotional response to a stimuli or event
ex. people overweight, like food too much or weed, or alcohol
Aversion therapy
use of aversive
-way of avoiding or escaping stimulus
-a form of counterconditioning
idea is to pair CS with a S that is a negative, emotional response. reduce attractive person feels for that situation
Covert sensitization
pairing an object or situation that arouses positive feelings with one that arouses negative feelings
- imagined pairings
- imagine it both ways
What are the arguments against changing a behavior?
it dehumanizes a person
the use of adversives is controversial
For the rest of. ch. 12, look in book
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