Ch. 9-12

Question 1

What is maintenance?

Answer 1

Getting behavior to generalize from one time to another

Question 2

What is continuous reinforcement? (CRF)

Answer 2

reinforcing behavior every time it occurs

Question 3

What are intermittent schedules?

Answer 3

reinforce some occurrences of the behavior but not others

Question 4

Ratio schedules

Answer 4

number of behaviors/number of reinforcements

Question 5

Fixed ratio schedules

Answer 5

a fixed number of times in order to be reinforced

Question 6

Variable ratio schedules

Answer 6

a fixed number of times, but the number varies around an average ratio

ex. VR 20. number of times person performs the behavior varies, but on avg. ratio is 20:1

Question 7

Interval schedules

Answer 7

reinforcement is based on the length of the interval or time between reinforcement

Question 8

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 8

a fixed amount of time must elapse before the reinforcement occurs

ex. FI5 for every 5 minutes, then reinforce behavior

Question 9

Variable interval schedule

Answer 9

same as fixed interval except that length of time between reinforcements varies around some average

Question 10

Duration schedules

Answer 10

how long the behavior occurs without interruption

Question 11

Fixed duration schedules

Answer 11

provide reinforcement for target behavior after it occurs for a fixed time period without interruption

ex. for continuously playing the piano for 30 minutes, at the end of it, Mom reinforces with a hug

Question 12

Variable duration schedules

Answer 12

Sames as fixed, but period in which behavior occurs varies around an average

ex. for 15 min=hug, 45 min=hug, 30 min=hug

Question 13

Maintenance schedules

Answer 13

A reinforcement schedules used to maintain a target behavior

Not all reinforcement schedules are used as maintenance schedules

Question 14

What is the ideal maintenance schedule?

Answer 14

Variable ratio

Question 15

Fixed interval schedules tend to do what?

Answer 15

Scallop

Question 16

Variable interval schedules are the best, but what are their disadvantages?

Answer 16

Often difficult and time-consuming

Question 17

Ratio strain

Answer 17

rate of behavior will drop off, and emotional behavior will increase due to stretching the ratio too far (switching from CRF to intermittent too quickly)

Question 18

To prevent ratio strain

Answer 18

Stretching the ratio: gradually increasing the number of times a behavior must be performed to qualify for reinforcement

Question 19

Contingency contract

Answer 19

both parties get what they want from each other
-being reinforced by the other person’s actions

ex. teacher want certain behaviors from student; student wants to be reinforced for it.

• not so set that it could also change in that environment
  ex. Dr. Holt’s parents and the A

Question 20

Token economy

Answer 20

variation of contingency contract

token are an exchange for reinforcers

Question 21

Social contracts

Answer 21

we know what is expected of us in society

Question 22

Problems with social contract

Answer 22

Too much punishment (not guaranteed all the time), reinforcement too little
-punishment not time consistent

ex. immunizations: rationale: everyone immunize their kids
some parents won’t immunize kids

Question 23

Counterconditioning

Answer 23

the use of Pavlovian conditioning to undo the undesirable effects of conditioning

Question 24

What are the two types of counter-conditioning?

Answer 24

desensitization and sensitization training

Question 25

Desensitization training

Answer 25

reduces inappropriate negative response to a stimulus or event

-can be done by pairing the stimulus that elicits a negative emotional reaction with another stimulus that elicits a positive reaction

Question 26

Systematic desensitization

Answer 26

• in treatment of phobias
• constructing a hierarchy, relaxation, counterconditioning
• efficient

Question 27

In-vivo desensitization

Answer 27

“in life” . actually confronts the scene in order to reduce inappropriate negative responses to that event

• sometimes inconvenient to provide real life situations
  ex. if someone is afraid of dogs, provide a warehouse of dogs

-time-consuming

Question 28

Self-desensitization

Answer 28

undergo procedure without the help of a therapist

• idea is whether they can build hierarchies, relaxation therapies, and counterconditioning on their own but with some instruction
• CRITICAL Q: whether person can do the job as well as the therapist

Question 29

Flooding

Answer 29

abandons hierarchy and imagine most upsetting situation right from the beginning or “floods” person with the stimulus

Question 30

What are the drawbacks of flooding?

Answer 30

-the therapy session is VERY anxiety provoking
=may lead them to avoid the therapy
-less room for error in flooding
=panicking,hyperventilating from the situation, may run away from therapy. Panicking and hyperventilitating are now aversive and are being reinforced.

Question 31

sensitization

Answer 31

a form of counnterconditioning that reduces the strength of a positive, emotional response to a stimuli or event

ex. people overweight, like food too much or weed, or alcohol

Question 32

Aversion therapy

Answer 32

use of aversive
-way of avoiding or escaping stimulus
-a form of counterconditioning
idea is to pair CS with a S that is a negative, emotional response. reduce attractive person feels for that situation

Question 33

Covert sensitization

Answer 33

pairing an object or situation that arouses positive feelings with one that arouses negative feelings

• imagined pairings
• imagine it both ways

Question 34

What are the arguments against changing a behavior?

Answer 34

it dehumanizes a person

the use of adversives is controversial

Question 35

For the rest of. ch. 12, look in book

Answer 35

oinon