Ch. 8 Digital Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

acquiring images using x-rays & digitally displaying them on computer files

A

Digital imaging

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2
Q

digital images that can be sent through a computer network to numerous computers inside and outside the medical facility

A

conventional radiography

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3
Q

“cassette-based” digital imaging
- photostimuable phosphor plate that stores the latent image
- thick phosphor made of barium flurohalide with europium
-high resoultion IPs produce greater image resolution

A

Computed Radiography

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4
Q

IP is exposed
CR reader scans the IP with a laser beam turning the energy into light
IP is erased with a white light

A

Process of viewing an image with Computed radiography

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5
Q

CR reader unit, computer workstation, computer system, computer storage, printer

A

required items for Computed Radiography

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6
Q

“Cassetteless” digital imaging
- uses flat-panel detectors made of a scintillation screen or a photoconductor to convert photons into electrical signals
- 2 conversion systems: indirect vs. direct

A

Digital Radiography

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7
Q

2-step process where xray energy is converted into light and then into an electrical signal using a scintillator made of cesium iodide

A

Digital Radiography-Indirect Conversion

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8
Q

collects the electric charges as a matrix of pixel size elements (Detector Elements)

A

Amorphous Silicon

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9
Q

Takes the stored charge and converts it into digital values that are sent to the computer for processing/viewing

A

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

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10
Q

no photodiode, but instead converts the light from the scintillator to the electric signal

A

Charged Coupled Device (CCD)

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11
Q

converts light into electrons that are stored in capacitors
-most common semiconductor is silicon

A

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

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12
Q

1-step process where detectors convert the xray energy directly into an electric signal through an amorphous selenium detector without light conversion

A

Digital Radiography- Direct Conversion

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13
Q

how fast can DR images be processed?

A

3-5 seconds

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14
Q

defects that cause a loss in information
-dust, scratches, interactions between materials can occur

A

dead pixels

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15
Q

amount of detail/sharpness available
-larger matrix with smaller pixels = greater resolution

A

Spatial resolution

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16
Q

ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast

A

contrast resolution

17
Q

the responce of the detector to different levels of radiation exposure

A

dynamic range

18
Q

the ability of the digital system to convert input electric signal into a useful image

A

Signal-to-noise ratio

19
Q

noise that occurs when there are not enough photons to provide a high-quality image

A

quantum mottle

20
Q

Histogram
Look-up table (LUT)
Window Level
Window Width
Electronic Cropping
Image Stitching
Image annotation
Edge Enhancement
Smoothing
Subtraction
Contrast Enhancement

A

Functions of the processing system (“editing” images)

21
Q

controls density (brightness)

A

Window level

22
Q

controls contrast

A

Window Width

23
Q

a graph of the minimum & maximum signals in the image

24
Q

images are produced with uniform density & contrast regardless of the amount of exposure
-problems occur when too little/too much exposure is used resulting in loss of contrast & detail

25
measurement of light converted into a signal -the base of exposure indicator number for all manufacturer's systems designates the middle of the detector operating range
Exposure indicator ("Exposure Index")
26
a universally accepted standard for exchanging medical radiographic images within the institution and in many areas where the images are viewed
Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine (DICOM)
27
provides methods for calibrating a particular viewing monitor display system for the purpose of presenting images consistently on different display monitors and printers
DICOM gray-Scale function
28
a digital health record for every patient
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
29
ties x-ray exams to the patient's EMR
Radiology Information System (RIS)
30
image management system that consists of networked groups of computers, servers, and archives containing the images obtained in the department
Picture Archival and Communication Systems (PACS)
31
Quantum Mottle Moiré Pattern Light spots White Light Histogram Analysis Error Phantom/Ghost Images Scratches/Tears Extraneous Line Patterns Fogging
Common artifacts seen on images