Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc: Human Development > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

puberty

A

involves hormonal and physical changes that contribute to sexual maturity and adult height

  • takes an avg of 5 years
  • today is typically an early teenage change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

puberty rite

A

a “coming of age” ritual, usually beginning at some event such as first menstruation, held in traditional cultures to celebrate children’s transition to adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

secular trend in puberty

A

a century long decline in the avg age at which children reach puberty in the developed world
- an index of nation’s economic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

menarche

A

a girl’s first menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spermarche

A

a boy’s first ejaculation of live sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

secular trend in puberty:

a) 1860s in europe
b) 1960s
c) today

A

a) avg age menarche over 17
b) avg age dropped to under 13
c) menarche before 13 for many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hormonal programmers: adrenal androgens

A
  • produced by adrenal glands
  • program aspects of puberty
    > promote growth of hair, influence skin changes, program sexual desires
  • androgens begin secretion in middle childhood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hormonal programmers: HPG axis (hypothalamus, pituitary, gonad)

A
  • main hormonal system programming puberty
  • hypothalamus triggers the pituitary to secrete its hormones, which in turn, trigger the gonads to secrete their hormones, which produce major body changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gonads:

A
  • sex organs
  • testes
  • ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

andrenal androgens:

A
  • testes and estrogen
  • found in both sexes
  • program sexual desire and skin and bodily hair growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary sexual characteristics:

A
  • changes that directly involve the organs of reproduction; rate variations
  • growth of uterus, maturation of the ovaries, onset of menarche
  • growth of penis, testes, onset of spermarche
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • physical changes not directly involved in reproduction

- hair growth, voice changes, acne, breast development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

growth spurt:

A
  • dramatic increase in weight and height
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

puberty timetables: girls

A
  • 6 months after growth spurt begins development of breasts and pubic hair occurs
  • menarche begins in middle to final stage
  • rate of change is variable; affected by when process starts
  • dramatic internal changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

puberty timetables: boys

A
  • after growth of testes and penis begins, growth of body hair, height, and muscle mass
  • change in cardiovascular system, frame, larynx
  • hands, legs, and feet grow first
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the changes in blood hemoglobin during puberty in males and females?

A
  • blood hemoglobin (cm/100ml) in boys and girls remains around the same until age 16 when the blood hemoglobin level spikes in boys and reaches around 17 (cm/ 100ml) at age 18, while the girls blood hemoglobin stays at 14 (cm/ 100ml)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the changes in rbcs during puberty in males and females?

A
  • the rbc count (millions/ c.mm) levels for boys and girls remain the same, slowly increasing, until age 12 when the Boyds rbc count greatly increases until age 18. at age 18 the boys blood cell count reaches 54 (millions/ c.mm) while the girls reach their peak at 46 (millions/ c.mm) at 18
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

overweight and early puberty:

A

GIRLS:
- childhood weight predicts when a girl physically matures
> linked to rapid weight gain during first months o life and high BMI in elementary school
BOYS:
- data is inconsistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

questions that predict a female child’s chance of reaching puberty at a younger than avg age?

A
  • did this girls parents reach puberty early?
  • is this girl African American?
  • is this girl overweight? did she gain weight rapidly during her first year of life?
  • has this girls family life been stressful and unhappy? did she have an insecure attachment?
20
Q

an insider’s view of puberty: basic principle

A
  • changes are exciting and frightening

- reactions depend on social norms and reactions of individual family members

21
Q

an insider’s view of puberty: breast development

A
  • western cultures = pride
22
Q

an insider’s view of puberty: menstruation

A
  • varying responses; 1 in 3 disgusted or ambivalent
23
Q

an insider’s view of puberty: spermarche/ first ejaculation

A
  • tendency to be secretive
24
Q

evolutionary psychology perspective:

A
  • some developmentalists argue that when family stress is intense, nature might build in a mechanism to accelerate sexual maturity and free a child from. an inhospitable nest
25
Q

what does an unhappy childhood signal according to researchers?

A
  • signals the body to expect a short life and pushes adult fertility at a younger age
26
Q

what is the most important force predicting your puberty timetable?

A
  • genetics
27
Q

why is being early a problem for girls?

A
  • special risk of developing acting out behaviors
    > gravitate to older friends
    > unprotected sex
    > possible bullying victims
    > possible disconnect from school (poor grades)
  • risk of becoming anxious/depressed
    > body dissatisfaction
    > self consciousness
  • wrapping up puberty
    > environmental contact will affect child’s reaction to puberty
    > with early maturing girls, arranging the best body environment fit is important
    > especially for boys, communication about puberty can be improved
28
Q

interventions: minimizing puberty distress: for parents

A
  • make an effort to communicate about pubertal changes with same sex child
  • help children get involved in positive activities
29
Q

interventions: minimizing puberty distress: for society

A
  • recognize importance of school environment
  • provide earlier introduction to sex education (UNESCO global guidelines)
  • provide nurturing environment to set adolescents on right path
30
Q

body image and dietary issues: Susan carter’s research

A
  • feelings of competence in 5 domains related to overall self esteem
    > scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, athletic skills, peer likability, appearance
  • for adolescents, contentment with one’s appearance outweighs any other category, more for girls
  • if we are happy with how we look, we are likely to be happy with who we are as human beings
  • not just true of teenagers in the US, but true of other western countries among people of various stages of life
  • boys need to feel content with their appearance just as much, if not more than girls (Mellor et al. 2010) they want to build muscles while girls want to lose weight
31
Q

dietary issues during adolescence:

A
  • MMWR (morbidity and mortality weekly report and Meier and Musick, 2014)
  • family dinners correlate with healthy adolescent eating and well being if dinner time is a good family time
  • only 16% eat 3 or more servings of fruits and veggies a day
32
Q

thin ideal:

A
  • pressure to be abnormally thin
  • overweight and underweight female teens felt they were too fat
  • males want to build up muscles
  • an Irish study (lawyer and Nixon, 2011) found that 3 out of 4 female teenager with average BMIs felt they were “too fat” also, 2 out of 5 underweight girls wanted to loose more weight
  • peer pressure (teasing)
  • dating
  • media
    > presents unrealistic images (digitally altered)
    > strong influence in promoting body dissatisfaction in both genders
    > internalization of the need to be thin
33
Q

eating disorders: anorexia nervosa

A
  • characterized by self starvation to being 85% or less of healthy body weight
  • starvation can destroy body organs and cause death
  • medical emergencies require hospitalization (2/3 of ideal weight or less)
  • menstruation ceases
  • distorted body image
34
Q

eating disorder:

A
  • a pathological obsession with getting and staying thin.
35
Q

eating disorders: bulimia nervosa

A
  • characterized by at least biweekly cycles of binging and purging
  • in addition to forced vomiting, purging may include taking laxatives and/or diuretics, fasting, and excess exercise
  • major consequences: mouth sores, loss of tooth enamel (gray teeth), esophageal ulcers, esophageal cancer
36
Q

eating disorders: binge eating disorder

A
  • (now in DSM5) eating is done secretly at least weekly for months but does not purge but feels depressed, out of control, and distressed
37
Q

new #3 health issues for ages 5.5 to 39.5 years: anorexia nervosa

A
  • characterized by excessive weight loss/BMI of 12, irrational fear of gaining weight and distorted body image. control issues overwhelmingly is culprit
    > number of young men with anorexia are increasing
38
Q

new #3 health issues for age 5.5 to 39.5 years: bulimia nervosa

A
  • characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self induced purging such as vomiting, laxatives
    > also occurs with depression, substance abuse, personality disorders to include BPD, anxiety disorder and OCD
39
Q

new #3 health issues for 5.5 to 39.5: binge eating disorder

A
  • all 3 involve decreased in brain activity of serotonin, changes in pituitary, heart and two other neurotransmitters
    > 1 out of 6 in US has had “bouts” with 1 of these disorders for 5 years. you have known 5-10 people
40
Q

3 critical areas of the hypothalamus:

A
  1. lateral hypothalamus (LH) - stops eating
  2. ventromedial (VMH) - eats
  3. paraventricular nucleus (PVN) - own new research > plays largest modulation of hunger role
41
Q

hunger drive:

A
  • 2 ares of hypothalamus that regulate hunger: LH and VMH. lesions* to rats’ LH and VMH. neural circuits “running” through hypothalamus in new research are important
    1. lesions to the LH: it becomes thin
    2. lesions to the VMH: fat control ares - no satiation and it eats til it dies
42
Q

what causes these conditions? family dysfunction

A
  • could be strong hereditary component, especially in girls bit is FD
  • temperamental tendency is evident:
    > #1: lives for control and
    • anxious
    • low self efficacy
    • needs a great need for approval
    • has an inability to express legitimate needs
    • high achiever in all areas
    • distorted and unrealistic sense of reality in body image and “life”
    • suffers from depression, anxiety, BID, and risk for addictions and alcohol and BPD
    • whenever they feel bad about themselves, automatically thinks “I’m too fat” - self starvation has become their main mode of dealing with stress
43
Q

checklist for BID risk in teenagers:

A
  1. is this child temperamentally prone to anxiety and depression?
  2. does this child vigorously subscribe to the thin ideal?
  3. is this child becoming obsessed with dieting (or, if male, becoming obsessed with building up his muscles)?
  4. does this child have insecure attachments, trouble expressing her feelings, and excessively low self efficacy and self esteem?
  5. when this child gets rejected or experience a negative even, does she automatically think “I feel fat”?
44
Q

interventions: improving teens BID

A 
- target at risk girls prone to: 
  > depression and low self worth
  > subscribe to the "thin" ideal
- focus on:
  > elevating self efficacy
  > promoting true self esteem
  > demanding genuine effort
  > encouraging autonomy (it's your choice)
45
Q

dialectic behavior therapy and Marcia linehan:

A
  • DBT focuses on characteristics associated with BPD include emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, interpersonal problems, self harm, and suicidal behaviors. applies to BID and eating disorders
  • DBT is a compassionate and evidence based cognitive behavioral model that has proven to be effective for consumers. wrote, I hate you, I hate you …. please don’t leave me

Psyc: Human Development (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions