Ch 8/9 Test Flashcards
Revised atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggest that radiation-induced leukemias and solid tumors occurring in the survivors may be attributed to exposure to which of the following?
gamma radiation
For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose:
increases
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?
Carcinogenic syndrome
Hematopoietic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome
carcinogenic syndrome
The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to:
50% of the exposed population in 30 days
Some local tissues sustain immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include:
1. bone marrow.
2. male and female reproductive organs.
3. skin.
1, 2, and 3
Atrophy refers to:
shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.
As a result of numerous reported patient injuries that have been associated with the use of ____________________, better management of the use of such procedures is essential.
high-level fluoroscopy
T/F - Late deterministic effects are likely to occur from diagnostic imaging procedures
false
What is the most radiosensitive time frame during pregnancy
1st trimester
Which of the following are classified as early deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation?
- Erythema, cataract formation, and cancer
- Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
- Male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer
- Blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects
Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is also referred to as the:
initial stage
Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a:
cumulative effect
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the:
bone marrow syndrome
Genetic mutations have been produced in experimental female animals when their ovaries were irradiated with doses as low as:
0.25 Gy
A term that is synonymous with epilation is:
alopecia
T/F - A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within 24-48 hours
true
In 1898, after sustaining severe burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known advocate of radiation protection:
William Herbert Rollins
High-level whole body radiation exposure, delivered in a period of seconds to minutes, produces a clinical pattern known as what
acute radiation syndrome
T/F - Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures and have NOT yet achieved successful results
true
Studies of radiation therapy patients who received orthovoltage radiation therapy treatments provide:
significant evidence of skin damage caused by radiation exposure.
Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by:
high radiation doses
Which of the following is the reason why the ovaries should be shielded whenever possible during all imaging procedures?
Gonadal irradiation of the ovaries can result in genetic mutations that can be passed on to future generations.
Most types of cancers follow what kind of dose-response relationship curve (graph)
linear non-threshold curve
Grenz rays were once used to treat and cure:
skin diseases such as ringworm
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the initial stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible, is called:
manifest illness
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.
nonlinear, threshold
Studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors demonstrate that the incidence of leukemia has ______ since the late 1940s and early 1950s, and the incidence of solid tumors has continued to ______ since the late 1950s and early 1960s.
slowly declined, escalate
For an accurate estimate of the number of radiation-induced leukemias and other malignancies that may occur in some of the 135,000 evacuees from the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine, the exposed population must _______.
have long-term monitoring.
Of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation, which effect is considered to be most important?
cancer
The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to:
calcium
Uranium miners in the Colorado plateau who developed lung cancer years after exposure provide an example of which of the following?
late stochastic effects
T/F - In general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as 0.1 Gy
true
In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?
1. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sievert
2. Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
3. Japanese atomic bomb survivors
1 only
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called:
spontaneous mutations
Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans:
are still inconclusive.
When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers in a given population will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in that population with age, the risk is described by which of the following terms?
relative
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
1.56 Sv
Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?
1. Sperm of a man
2. Ova of a woman
3. Somatic cells of men and women
1 and 2 only
What do agents such as chemicals, elevated temperatures, ionizing radiation, and viruses have in common?
They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of occurrence of mutations.
Receiving an acute dose of 50 Gyt or more of ionizing radiation will cause what Acute Radiation Syndrome to happen
cerebrovascular syndrome/central nervous system syndrome
T/F - When a high level of radiation is received by the embryo within approximately 2 weeks of fertilization (before the start of organogenesis), prenatal death is NOT the most obvious adverse consequence
false
After the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine, an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in children in Poland and some other countries as a consequence of accidental overdose of iodine-131; _______________ was administered as a substitute for take-up of iodine-131.
potassium iodide
When radiation exposure causes hematopoietic death, which is the main reason why the person dies
immune system is destroyed
Radiation-induced abnormalities in future generations are caused by unrepaired damage to:
DNA within ova or sperm
Normally, mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. A genetic disorder is present in approximately _______ of all live births in the United States.
10%
Today, as a result of programs stressing radiation safety education and protective devices, radiation workers employed in medical imaging:
need not experience any adverse health effects as a consequence of their work.
T/F - A reddening to the skin due to radiation damage is called arrhythmia
false
The term linear nonthreshold curve implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is:
directly proportional to the dose
Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called:
point mutations
How has data been collected for the study of the effects of radiation exposure
1.Therapy patients
2.Radiation workers
3.Atomic bomb survivors
1, 2, and 3
