Ch 8/9 Test

Question 1

Revised atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggest that radiation-induced leukemias and solid tumors occurring in the survivors may be attributed to exposure to which of the following?

Answer 1

gamma radiation

Question 2

For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose:

Answer 2

increases

Question 3

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?
Carcinogenic syndrome
Hematopoietic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome

Answer 3

carcinogenic syndrome

Question 4

The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to:

Answer 4

50% of the exposed population in 30 days

Question 5

Some local tissues sustain immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include:
1. bone marrow.
2. male and female reproductive organs.
3. skin.

Answer 5

1, 2, and 3

Question 6

Atrophy refers to:

Answer 6

shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.

Question 7

As a result of numerous reported patient injuries that have been associated with the use of ____________________, better management of the use of such procedures is essential.

Answer 7

high-level fluoroscopy

Question 8

T/F - Late deterministic effects are likely to occur from diagnostic imaging procedures

Answer 8

false

Question 9

What is the most radiosensitive time frame during pregnancy

Answer 9

1st trimester

Question 10

Which of the following are classified as early deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation?
- Erythema, cataract formation, and cancer
- Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
- Male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer
- Blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects

Answer 10

Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders

Question 11

The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is also referred to as the:

Answer 11

initial stage

Question 12

Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a:

Answer 12

cumulative effect

Question 13

The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the:

Answer 13

bone marrow syndrome

Question 14

Genetic mutations have been produced in experimental female animals when their ovaries were irradiated with doses as low as:

Answer 14

0.25 Gy

Question 15

A term that is synonymous with epilation is:

Answer 15

alopecia

Question 16

T/F - A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within 24-48 hours

Answer 16

true

Question 17

In 1898, after sustaining severe burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known advocate of radiation protection:

Answer 17

William Herbert Rollins

Question 18

High-level whole body radiation exposure, delivered in a period of seconds to minutes, produces a clinical pattern known as what

Answer 18

acute radiation syndrome

Question 19

T/F - Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures and have NOT yet achieved successful results

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Studies of radiation therapy patients who received orthovoltage radiation therapy treatments provide:

Answer 20

significant evidence of skin damage caused by radiation exposure.

Question 21

Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by:

Answer 21

high radiation doses

Question 22

Which of the following is the reason why the ovaries should be shielded whenever possible during all imaging procedures?

Answer 22

Gonadal irradiation of the ovaries can result in genetic mutations that can be passed on to future generations.

Question 23

Most types of cancers follow what kind of dose-response relationship curve (graph)

Answer 23

linear non-threshold curve

Question 24

Grenz rays were once used to treat and cure:

Answer 24

skin diseases such as ringworm

Question 25

During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the initial stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible, is called:

Answer 25

manifest illness

Question 26

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.

Answer 26

nonlinear, threshold

Question 27

Studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors demonstrate that the incidence of leukemia has ______ since the late 1940s and early 1950s, and the incidence of solid tumors has continued to ______ since the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Answer 27

slowly declined, escalate

Question 28

For an accurate estimate of the number of radiation-induced leukemias and other malignancies that may occur in some of the 135,000 evacuees from the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine, the exposed population must _______.

Answer 28

have long-term monitoring.

Question 29

Of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation, which effect is considered to be most important?

Answer 29

cancer

Question 30

The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to:

Answer 30

calcium

Question 31

Uranium miners in the Colorado plateau who developed lung cancer years after exposure provide an example of which of the following?

Answer 31

late stochastic effects

Question 32

T/F - In general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as 0.1 Gy

Answer 32

true

Question 33

In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?
1. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sievert
2. Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
3. Japanese atomic bomb survivors

Answer 33

1 only

Question 34

Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called:

Answer 34

spontaneous mutations

Question 35

Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans:

Answer 35

are still inconclusive.

Question 36

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers in a given population will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in that population with age, the risk is described by which of the following terms?

Answer 36

relative

Question 37

What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Answer 37

1.56 Sv

Question 38

Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?
1. Sperm of a man
2. Ova of a woman
3. Somatic cells of men and women

Answer 38

1 and 2 only

Question 39

What do agents such as chemicals, elevated temperatures, ionizing radiation, and viruses have in common?

Answer 39

They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of occurrence of mutations.

Question 40

Receiving an acute dose of 50 Gyt or more of ionizing radiation will cause what Acute Radiation Syndrome to happen

Answer 40

cerebrovascular syndrome/central nervous system syndrome

Question 41

T/F - When a high level of radiation is received by the embryo within approximately 2 weeks of fertilization (before the start of organogenesis), prenatal death is NOT the most obvious adverse consequence

Answer 41

false

Question 42

After the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine, an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in children in Poland and some other countries as a consequence of accidental overdose of iodine-131; _______________ was administered as a substitute for take-up of iodine-131.

Answer 42

potassium iodide

Question 43

When radiation exposure causes hematopoietic death, which is the main reason why the person dies

Answer 43

immune system is destroyed

Question 44

Radiation-induced abnormalities in future generations are caused by unrepaired damage to:

Answer 44

DNA within ova or sperm

Question 45

Normally, mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. A genetic disorder is present in approximately _______ of all live births in the United States.

Answer 45

10%

Question 46

Today, as a result of programs stressing radiation safety education and protective devices, radiation workers employed in medical imaging:

Answer 46

need not experience any adverse health effects as a consequence of their work.

Question 47

T/F - A reddening to the skin due to radiation damage is called arrhythmia

Answer 47

false

Question 48

The term linear nonthreshold curve implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is:

Answer 48

directly proportional to the dose

Question 49

Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called:

Answer 49

point mutations

Question 50

How has data been collected for the study of the effects of radiation exposure

1.Therapy patients

2.Radiation workers

3.Atomic bomb survivors

Answer 50

1, 2, and 3