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PSYC 2010 > Ch. 8-9: Old Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Ch. 8-9: Old Quiz Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Marie received a puzzle as a present for her birthday. The puzzle has three pegs, and to solve the puzzle, a person is required to move nine disks from the center peg to one of the outside pegs. However, only one disk can be moved at a time, and a larger disk can never be placed on top of a smaller disk. Marie’s puzzle is an example of

a. a problem of transformation.
b. a problem of arrangement.
c. a problem of inducing structure.
d. an ill-defined problem.

A

a. a problem of transformation.

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2
Q

People often find it difficult to solve a problem by using a familiar object in a novel way because of

a. a mental set.
b. unnecessary constraints.
c. irrelevant information.
d. functional fixedness.

A

a. a mental set.

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3
Q

Rylee’s algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems. He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure. Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experience

a. overregularization in his problem-solving.
b. mental set in his problem-solving.
c. functional fixedness in his problem-solving.
d. noncompensatory problem-solving.

A

b. mental set in his problem-solving.

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4
Q

When working on complex problems, a useful strategy is to

a. formulate subgoals or intermediate steps toward a solution.
b. recognize the similarity between two problems.
c. recognize when the problem does not have a well-specified goal.
d. use a heuristic.

A

a. formulate subgoals or intermediate steps toward a solution.

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5
Q

The incubation effect is thought to occur because

a. the brain absorbs new problem-solving strategies during sleep.
b. people become more logical over time.
c. newborn babies are excellent problem solvers.
d. people work on problems at an unconscious level.

A

d. people work on problems at an unconscious level.

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6
Q

Simon’s theory of bounded rationality asserts that people frequently make

a. rational decisions that are less than optimal.
b. irrational decisions that are less than optimal.
c. rational decisions that are optimal.
d. irrational decisions that are optimal.

A

b. irrational decisions that are less than optimal.

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7
Q

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

a. ignore subjective probabilities when making decisions.
b. estimate the probability of an event by judging the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
c. estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
d. ignore common stereotypes when estimating probabilities.

A

c. estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.

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8
Q

Autumn has been figure skating since she was five years old. She has never placed higher than third in any of the competitions she has been in, but she is still convinced that she will be able to become a professional figure skater in a few years. Her coach and her parents have tried to tell her that not many people make it as professional skaters, but Autumn is convinced that she can beat the odds. In this case, Autumn is

a. displaying evidence of mental set.
b. showing belief perseverance.
c. apparently ignoring base rates.
d. showing the confirmation bias.

A

c. apparently ignoring base rates.

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9
Q

The gambler’s fallacy reflects the influence of the

a. availability heuristic.
b. representativeness heuristic.
c. law of small numbers.
d. conjunction heuristic.

A

b. representativeness heuristic.

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10
Q

If you are told that Philip displays the mental ability typical of an 11-year-old child, you know Philip’s ____ is 11.

a. age
b. mental age
c. chronological age
d. estimated age

A

b. mental age

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11
Q

(Mental age/chronological age) ´ 100 yields

a. a Binet quotient.
b. an achievement quotient.
c. a maturity quotient.
d. an intelligence quotient.

A

d. an intelligence quotient.

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12
Q

Reliability refers to the ____ of a measuring device such as a test.

a. consistency
b. predictability
c. accuracy of inference
d. representativeness

A

a. consistency

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13
Q

Modern IQ tests have a mean of ____ and a standard deviation of ____.

a. 500; 100
b. 50; 10
c. 100; 15
d. 100; 10

A

c. 100; 15

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14
Q

Correlations between students’ IQ scores and their school grades suggest that IQ tests

a. are not a reliable method to predict school performance.
b. are a reasonably reliable method to predict school performance.
c. are not a valid method to predict school performance.
d. are a reasonably valid method to predict school performance.

A

d. are a reasonably valid method to predict school performance.

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15
Q

Most intelligence tests over the years have tended to stress

a. cognitive abilities related to academics.
b. practical intelligence in everyday life.
c. social intelligence and human relationships.
d. general mental ability, which includes verbal, practical, and social intelligence.

A

a. cognitive abilities related to academics.

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16
Q

Which of the following statements about the influence of culture on the use of IQ tests is MOST accurate?

a. IQ tests are widely used in virtually all cultures.
b. Different cultures have different conceptions of what intelligence is.
c. It is generally accepted across all cultures that it is possible to measure and quantify intellectual ability.
d. Western IQ tests generally translate well into the language and cognitive framework of non-Western cultures.

A

b. Different cultures have different conceptions of what intelligence is.

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17
Q

Adoption studies comparing the intelligence of adopted children to their ____ provides support for the role of genetic factors in intelligence.

a. biological parents
b. adoptive parents
c. adopted siblings
d. adopted twins

A

a. biological parents

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18
Q

Adoption studies provide support for the influence of

a. environmental factors on intelligence.
b. genetic factors on intelligence.
c. neither environmental nor genetic factors on intelligence.
d. both environmental and genetic factors on intelligence.

A

d. both environmental and genetic factors on intelligence.

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19
Q

The term used to refer to genetically determined limits on IQ is

a. reaction range.
b. the normal curve.
c. reaction time.
d. percentile range.

A

a. reaction range.

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20
Q

Which of the following statements is the MOST debatable?

a. Intelligence is at least somewhat genetic in origin.
b. Genetic factors are strongly implicated as the cause of ethnic differences in intelligence.
c. The average IQ in the lowest social classes is about 15 points lower than the average IQ in the highest social classes.
d. The average IQ for some minority groups in the United States is about 10 to 15 points lower than the average for Caucasians.

A

b. Genetic factors are strongly implicated as the cause of ethnic differences in intelligence.

21
Q

The correlation between social class and intelligence is

a. positive.
b. negative.
c. inverse.
d. zero.

A

a. positive.

22
Q

According to Robert Sternberg, intelligence can be divided into three major parts:

a. verbal fluency, numerical ability, and memory.
b. analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
c. crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and transient intelligence.
d. artistic intelligence, performance intelligence, and rational intelligence.

A

b. analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

23
Q

According to Howard Gardner, IQ tests have generally emphasized which of the following?

a. spatial and linguistic skills
b. verbal and mathematical skills
c. analytical and practical skills
d. academic and interpersonal skills

A

b. verbal and mathematical skills

24
Q

Which psychologist concluded that humans exhibit eight largely independent types of intelligence?

a. Alfred Binet
b. Howard Gardner
c. Arthur Jenson
d. Robert Sternberg

A

b. Howard Gardner

25
Q

In convergent thinking, one attempts to

a. utilize a hypothetic-deductive reasoning strategy to solve a problem.
b. work from the very specific to the very general in solving a problem.
c. narrow down a list of alternatives to solve a problem.
d. involve a relevant schema in order to solve a problem.

A

c. narrow down a list of alternatives to solve a problem.

26
Q

According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, drinking results in

a. drive production and serves as an incentive.
b. drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.
c. need production and serves as an incentive.
d. need reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

A

b. drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

27
Q

Patrick ate a large breakfast. When he arrived for his 8:00 a.m. class, the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. In this instance, Patrick’s behavior can BEST be explained using

a. drive theories of motivation.
b. instinctive theories of motivation.
c. incentive theories of motivation.
d. the self-awareness theory of motivation.

A

c. incentive theories of motivation.

28
Q

In general, contemporary theories regarding brain regulation of hunger tend to focus on which of the following?

a. neural circuits
b. anatomical centers
c. overall size of brain
d. amount of electrical activity in the hindbrain

A

a. neural circuits

29
Q

Mr. Knez is trying to get his seven-year-old daughter to eat some vegetable-fried rice for the first time. Mr. Knez should be MOST successful in getting his daughter to sample the new dish if he

a. tells his daughter she won’t get any desert until she tries some of the fried rice.
b. eats some of the fried rice first and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it.
c. carefully describes all the ingredients that are in the fried rice.
d. mixes it in with some other food that she enjoys eating.

A

b. eats some of the fried rice first and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it.

30
Q

Peter and his wife are having sex when Peter experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout his pelvis. Based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson,

a. Peter is likely to experience several more orgasms before he enters a refractory period.
b. Peter’s muscular contractions are likely to produce an orgasm in his wife.
c. Peter will be relatively unresponsive to sexual stimulation for a period of time following his orgasm.
d. Peter will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.

A

c. Peter will be relatively unresponsive to sexual stimulation for a period of time following his orgasm.

31
Q

____ theory asserts that a species’ mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest in the way of time, energy, and survival risk to maximize reproductive potential.

a. Drive
b. Inclusive fitness
c. Parental investment
d. Physiological equilibrium

A

c. Parental investment

32
Q

Evolutionary theory suggests that men place more emphasis than women on the ____ of a potential mate.

a. social status
b. youthfulness
c. ambition
d. intelligence

A

b. youthfulness

33
Q

Which of the following approaches to explaining the origins of homosexuality has been proven to be true?

a. biological
b. psychoanalytic
c. operant conditioning
d. none of the above

A

d. none of the above

34
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test is considered ____ test.

a. an aptitude
b. a projective
c. an achievement
d. a criterion-based

A

b. a projective

35
Q

Imagine that a sociologist had been tracking the patent index in a developing country for the past 30 years. Over that time, the number of patents applied for has steadily increased. Based on David McClelland’s work, it is likely that this country’s need for achievement will

a. also have steadily increased over the past 30 years.
b. have shown a steady decline over the past 30 years.
c. not have changed over the past 30 years.
d. have fluctuated randomly over the past 30 years.

A

a. also have steadily increased over the past 30 years.

36
Q

The determinant of achievement that increases when a student is enrolled in a university course that is required for graduation is

a. the incentive value of success.
b. the probability of success.
c. the need to avoid failure.
d. the need for achievement.

A

a. the incentive value of success.

37
Q

Laura is about to take the certification exam that will qualify her as a licensed therapist. As she enters the testing room, she notices that she feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the

a. physiological component in Laura’s emotional experience.
b. behavioral component in Laura’s emotional experience.
c. objective component in Laura’s emotional experience.
d. cognitive component in Laura’s emotional experience.

A

d. cognitive component in Laura’s emotional experience.

38
Q

A device that measures heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure (i.e., autonomic arousal) is

a. a polygraph.
b. a galvanic response meter.
c. an electromyocardiograph.
d. an electroencephalograph.

A

a. a polygraph.

39
Q

All of the following are associated with the physiological component of emotion EXCEPT the

a. limbic system.
b. cerebral cortex.
c. autonomic nervous system.
d. amygdala.

A

b. cerebral cortex.

40
Q

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that

a. other people can identify your emotional state by observing your facial expressions.
b. a facial expression is simply an external sign of the internal feelings.
c. you can affect how you feel by making a certain facial expression.
d. the internal state causes the facial expression.

A

c. you can affect how you feel by making a certain facial expression.

41
Q

Cross-cultural differences in emotional experience are MOST prominent concerning how individuals from different cultures

a. use facial cues to identify basic emotions.
b. experience autonomic arousal.
c. categorize specific emotions.
d. use cognitive appraisal of a situation to determine which emotion is being experienced.

A

c. categorize specific emotions.

42
Q

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents the James-Lange theory?

a. “I’m shaking because I’m afraid.”
b. “I’m afraid because I’m shaking.”
c. “My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire.”
d. “My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation.”

A

b. “I’m afraid because I’m shaking.”

43
Q

While Walter is out riding, his horse suddenly rears up when a small animal scurries across the path. Based on the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, Walter should report,

a. “I feel terrified because my heart is racing.”
b. “My heart is racing because I am terrified.”
c. “My racing heart must mean I’m terrified because this situation is dangerous.”
d. “The rearing of the horse makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified.”

A

d. “The rearing of the horse makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified.”

44
Q

According to ____, one’s conscious experience of emotion occurs after autonomic arousal.

a. Cannon-Bard theory
b. James-Lange theory
c. both Cannon-Bard and Schachter two-factor theories
d. both James-Lange and Schachter two-factor theories

A

d. both James-Lange and Schachter two-factor theories

45
Q

Evolutionary theories of emotion ASSUME all except which of the following?

a. Emotions are largely innate.
b. Emotions follow thought in the evolutionary sequence.
c. Emotions originate in subcortical brain structures.
d. Humans have a relatively small number of innate emotions with adaptive value.

A

b. Emotions follow thought in the evolutionary sequence.

46
Q

According to research in the United States, once people surpass an annual income of ____________, there is little association exists between wealth and subjective well-being.

a. $ 25,000
b. $ 50,000
c. $ 75,000
d. $ 100,000

A

c. $ 75,000

47
Q

Research evidence suggests that happiness depends more on ____ factors than on ____ factors.

a. external; internal
b. internal; external
c. financial; personality
d. age; cultural

A

b. internal; external

48
Q

____ are the reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.

a. Premises
b. Arguments
c. Assumptions
d. Attributions

A

a. Premises

49
Q

Which theorists agree that autonomic arousal precedes the conscious experience of emotion?

a. James, Lange, and Schachter
b. Cannon, Bard, and Atkinson
c. Tomkins, Izard, and Plutchik
d. Maslow, McClelland, and Murray

A

a. James, Lange, and Schachter

PSYC 2010 (4 decks)

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