Ch. 8 Flashcards
Cleft palate and craniofacial anomalies can have an impact on the various functions.
Abnormalities of the ____, ____, and ____ particularly affect the ____ and ____ of ____
Cleft palate and craniofacial anomalies can have an impact on the various functions.
Abnormalities of the ear, nose, and throat particularly affect the quality and intelligibility of speech.
Chapter 8Facial, Oral, and Pharyngeal Anomalies
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External Ear
____—_____ of a normal _____
____ (____) _____—closure of the _____ _____
_____—small _____
Treatment can include _____ and/or _____ _____ hearing aids.
Atresia—closure of a normal opening
Aural (auditory) atresia—closure of the auditory canal
Microtia—small auricle
Treatment can include surgery and/or bone conduction hearing aids.
Middle Ear
_____ may be ____, _____, or _____.
_____ _____ may be absent or hypoplastic.
_____ _____ malformations cause ______ hearing loss.
Treatment can include surgery and/or bone conduction hearing aids.
Ossicles may be absent, hypoplastic, or ankylosed.
Tympanic membrane may be absent or hypoplastic.
Middle ear malformations cause conductive hearing loss.
Treatment can include surgery and/or bone conduction hearing aids.
Eustachian Tube Function
At \_\_\_\_, Eustachian tube is \_\_\_\_. During \_\_\_\_\_ (and \_\_\_\_), \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ muscle contracts to \_\_\_\_\_ Eustachian tube. Opening of Eustachian tube: Provides \_\_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_ ear \_\_\_\_\_ middle ear \_\_\_\_\_ with environment Allows \_\_\_\_ to drain
At rest, Eustachian tube is closed.
During swallowing (and yawning), tensor veli palatini muscle contracts to open Eustachian tube.
Opening of Eustachian tube:
Provides ventilation for middle ear
Equalizes middle ear pressure with environment
Allows fluids to drain
Eustachian Tube Malfunction
Children under age ____ are predisposed to Eustachian tube malfunction, causing ____ ear ____ and ____ ____ ____.
Eustachian tubes lie in a ____ plane, which ____ drainage.
____ ____ ____ muscles are directed at an unfavorable angle for function.
Children with cleft palate or submucous cleft are at greater ____ due to abnormality of tensor muscles.
Children under age 6 are predisposed to Eustachian tube malfunction, causing middle ear effusion and acute otitis media.
Eustachian tubes lie in a horizontal plane, which impairs drainage.
Tensor veli palatini muscles are directed at an unfavorable angle for function.
Children with cleft palate or submucous cleft are at greater risk due to abnormality of tensor muscles.
Eustachian Tube Malfunction CONT.
____ collect within the ____ ear (middle ear ____) due to the ____ pressure and cannot ____.
_____ can ascend tube and grow in fluid, leading to an ____ _____ (____ _____ ____).
Fluids collect within the middle ear (middle ear effusion) due to the negative pressure and cannot drain.
Bacteria can ascend tube and grow in fluid, leading to an ear infection (acute otitis media).
Eustachian Tube Malfunction CONT.
Middle ear \_\_\_\_ can cause: \_\_\_\_\_ hearing loss \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ delay Otitis media can cause serious potential complications, including: \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ hearing loss due to \_\_\_\_
Middle ear effusion can cause: Conductive hearing loss Speech and language delay Otitis media can cause serious potential complications, including: Mastoiditis Sensorineural hearing loss due to toxins
Treatment for Chronic Otitis Media
_____
_____ (small _____) and placement of ____ (____ ____) tubes in tympanic membranes
Often done prophylactically for children with history of ____, usually with lip repair at _____ months
____
Antibiotics
Myringotomy (small incision) and placement of PE (pressure equalizing) tubes in tympanic membranes
Often done prophylactically for children with history of CLP, usually with lip repair at 3 months
Adenoidectomy
Inner Ear
____ can occur in the ____, _____ system, and _____ nerve, causing a _____ hearing loss.
Treatment includes:
_____ _____(s)
_____ _____(s)
Malformations can occur in the cochlea, vestibular system, and auditory nerve, causing a sensorineural hearing loss.
Treatment includes:
Hearing aid(s)
Cochlear implant(s)
Audiologic Care
The American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) has specific recommendations for audiologic management for children born with cleft lip/palate or other craniofacial anomalies.
Patients should see an _____ and _____ periodically through adolescence.
The American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) has specific recommendations for audiologic management for children born with cleft lip/palate or other craniofacial anomalies.
Patients should see an audiologist and otolaryngologist periodically through adolescence.
Facial Structures
_____
_____
_____ Nerve
Nose
Maxilla
Facial Nerve
Nose
____ cavity compromised by _____ cleft deformities
_____ septum
Common with _____ cleft lip/palate
Deflects to the _____ side of the _____
_____ _____ _____
_____ _____ secondary to _____ repair
____ _____ or enlarged _____ blocking the _____
Nasal cavity compromised by midline cleft deformities
Deviated septum
Common with unilateral cleft lip/palate
Deflects to the cleft side of the nose
Pyriform aperture stenosis
Stenotic nares secondary to lip repair
Choanal atresia or enlarged adenoids blocking the choana
Nose CONT.
_____ obstruction of the _____ cavity
Can be due to _____ _____, _____ _____ _____, or _____ _____
Causes nasal ____-____-_____ resonance
_____ obstruction of the ____ cavity
Can be due to _____ _____/_____ or enlarged _____
Causes _____
Anterior obstruction of the nasal cavity
Can be due to deviated septum, pyriform aperture stenosis, or stenotic nares
Causes nasal cul-de-sac resonance
Posterior obstruction of the nasal cavity
Can be due to choanal stenosis/atresia or enlarged adenoids
Causes hyponasality
Maxilla
Can cause: \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ deficiency Anterior \_\_\_\_ with Class \_\_\_\_\_ malocclusion \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ airway restriction \_\_\_\_\_
Can cause: Mid-face deficiency Anterior crossbite with Class III malocclusion Pharyngeal and nasal airway restriction Hyponasality
Facial Nerve (VII)
_____ syndrome with _____ paralysis
Causes a “_____-_____” facies
Moebius syndrome with facial paralysis
Causes a “mask-like” facies
Facial Nerve (VII) Paralysis
Facial nerve paralysis causes a lack of facial _____ and _____ movement.
It affects _____ and sometimes _____ sounds.
_____ movement is usually _____.
Individuals may learn to compensate by producing _____ sounds with the ____.
Facial nerve paralysis causes a lack of facial expression and lip movement.
It affects bilabial and sometimes labiodental sounds.
Tongue movement is usually unaffected.
Individuals may learn to compensate by producing labial sounds with the tongue.
The Oral Cavity
____
____
____
____
Lips
Mouth
Tongue
Palate
Upper Lip
____ lip may be ____ after cleft repair due to:
Basic ____ from the cleft lip
_____ effects of the ____ from the lip repair
Relative lip _____ due to protruding ____
Upper lip may be short after cleft repair due to:
Basic dysmorphology from the cleft lip
Contractile effects of the scar from the lip repair
Relative lip shortening due to protruding premaxilla
Upper Lip
Short upper lip can…
Cause difficulty with ____ competence at rest
Affect production of _____ sounds (____,____,____)
Result in _____ placement as a substitute
Short upper lip can…
Cause difficulty with bilabial competence at rest
Affect production of bilabial sounds (p, b, m)
Result in labiodental placement as a substitute
Mouth
____ (large)
____ (small)
____ (mouth)
Macro (large)
Micro (small)
Stomia (mouth)