Ch 8 Flashcards
What were weapons of mass destruction like during World War II?
The US Canada and UK collaborated to develop nuclear weapons during World War II. They fear that scientists in Germany were also trying to develop nuclear weapons, and the allies dropped atomic bombs in Japan in August 19 45. This attack brought an end to World War II, and since then no government uses these bombs in a war because they recognize that full scale nuclear conflict could terminate human civilization. 
What eight countries have successfully detonated nuclear weapons?
United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Paxton, and North Korea. Israel is suspected of possessing nuclear weapons but has not admitted to it.
What is the treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons? 
1970, sign by 191 countries. Designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology and to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy
Who were the five nuclear weapon states and what was the agreement between them and the other signatories?
United States Soviet Union UK France and China. The other the other signatories agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons and the five states would share their technology for for peaceful purposes and To pursue the ultimate elimination of all nuclear arsenals
What has happened since the treaty went into affect?
Where of where had possessed by the US and Russia has the client sharply and the two countries now have roughly the same amount and 92% of the worlds total. Four states that once had nuclear weapons dismantle them as part of the treaty- South Africa Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine
What four countries never signed the treaty and which withdrew?
India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan never signed a treaty. North Korea withdrew in 2003 and is the only country to test nuclear weapons in the 21st-century
Where are suspect states of particular concern to the US clustered in?
Southwest Asia and North Africa
What is going on with Libya‘s production of weapons of mass destruction?
Liby as long time leader bought nuclear tech blueprints from Pakistan and tried to enrich imported uranium into weapons grade material. They gave up their nuclear weapons program 2003 and has cooperated with international inspectors
What is going on with nuclear weapons development in Iraq and how is the US relationship with them?
Saddam Hussein employed chemical weapons against Kurds and Iranians during the 1980s and it invaded Kuwait in 1991, so the US drove them out of Kuwait in operation desert storm. The US won another attack against Iraq in 2003 to depose Saddam Hussain because they believed that Iraq still had weapons of mass distraction and close links with terrorist organizations although most of the countries do not agree. Iraq was punched in to a long running Civil War especially between shites and Sunnis as well as Kurds and Islamic state
What is nuclear weapon development like in Iran and how is the US relationship with them?
1979 Iran’s pro US government was abdicated and the US Embassy was seized. The US and many other countries oppose Iran’s aggressive development of a nuclear program, but Iran claims that it was for civilian purposes. Observers said that it was intended to develop weapons. Trump pulled the US out of the treaty in 2018 because he thought it didn’t do enough to prevent Iran from continuing to pursue in nuclear weapons. Iran another signatories have continue to support the treaty.
What is Syria’s use of weapons of mass destruction like?
The government has repeatedly used chemical weapons in its Civil War and other countries have failed to get it to eliminated stockpile
What were the two economic alliances formed in Europe during the Cold War?
The European Union was formed in 1958 with six members and was signed to heal scars from World War II.. The council for mutual economic assistance was formed in 1949 with six members and 10 members ultimately joint. It was designed to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in communists Eastern Europe and was disbanded in 1991
What Is the European Union like in the 21st-century?
The EU has 28 members and the most recent additions have been former members of COMECON. The main task is to promote development within the member states through economic and political cooperation, anti-European Parliament is elected by the people in each of the member states. Benefits include subsidies provided to farmers and economically depressed regions, movement of goods across borders without stopping, and many citizens of one member state is permitted to work in other states, and retailers can open branches in any member country with supervision only by the home country.
What is the euro zone?
The Eurozone was a dramatic step taken towards integrating Europe’s nation states into a regional organization. The European central bank was given responsibility percent interest rates and minimizing inflation throughout the Eurozone. A common currency called the euro was created beginning in 1999 for electronic transactions and notes and coins been in 2002. 25 countries use the euro including 19 EU members
Why was the Eurozone created?
European leaders thought that every country would be stronger economically if it replaced it’s national currency with the euro And for the first few years that was the case. Economically weaker countries within the eurozone have been forced to implement harsh and unpopular policies and economically strong countries have been forced subsidize the weaker states.
How do many Europeans feel about the eurozone?
Many Europeans do not feel connected to the EU. There is a lot of opposition to you policies especially the one about free movement of citizens among the EU member countries. UK voters voted in 2016 to withdraw from the EU in 2019 which was known as Brexit. Despite the north south tensions, future enlargements are possible. 
What were Europe’s two military alliances? What were they designed to do and what was the goals of each?
NATO is a military alliance among 16th Democratic states in Europe plus the US in Canada and their principal objective was to prevent Soviet Union from overrunning West Germany and other smaller countries. The Warsaw packed was a military agreement among communist eastern European countries. It was disbanded in 1991 following the end of communism in Eastern Europe. They provided the Soviet union with a buffer of allied states between it in Germany to discourage a third German invasion of the Soviet union in the 20th century. These two alliances maintain bipolar balance of power in Europe.
How did Europe‘s military alliances change after Europe was no longer dominated by military confrontation between two blocs?
Or so packed was disbanded in the number of NATO troops with sharply reduced. NATO also expanded its membership to 28 staves by adding the former Warsaw packed countries except for Russia as well as several states that performerly Republic within the Soviet Union. Membership in NATO offered eastern European countries a sense of security against any future Russian threat as well as participation in a common united Europe
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a nonstate actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation
What are three criteria that must be made for an incident to be considered terrorism?
1-The incident must be an intentional result of a conscious calculation on the part of a perpetrator. 2- The incident must entail some level of violence or threat of violence including property damage as well as violence against people. 3- acts of terrorism conducted by one state against another state not included.
Two of these three criteria must also be not in order to be considered an act of terrorism:
1- The violent act was aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal
2- The violent act included evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience other than immediate victims
3- The violent act was outside the precepts of international humanitarian law
How does terrorism differ from assassination and other acts of political violence?
The term has been applied to actions by groups operating outside of government, although some governments provide military and financial support for terrorists. Attacks are in the ordinary people rather than a military targets or political leaders. Terrorist consider all citizens of a country responsible for government actions and policies that they oppose, so they view citizens as legitimate targets
When did the most dramatic terrorist attack against the US occur? How many died and who was responsible?
September 11, 2001. The twin towers of the world trade center in rock city were destroyed and the Pentagon was damaged. 2977 civilians died. Al-Qaeda was responsible
What happened in the terrorist attack in Lockerbie Scotland in 1988?
A bomb destroyed a flight that was going to New York which killed 243 passengers, 16 crew, and 11 on the ground in the town. A Libyan intelligence officer was convicted, and in 2003 Libya‘s leader pronounce terrorism, excepted responsibility for the Spellman, and paid compensation. The leader, Gaddafi’s Reginae was opposed and ultimately overthrown. He was captured and killed and since then Libya is in a Civil War.
What happened in the terrorist attack in Oklahoma City in 1995?
A carbon killed 168 and injured at least 680 in the Alfred P Mara federal building, and Timothy J McVay was convicted and executed. Terry I Nichols was convicted for assisting McVy and McVay claimed that the actors provoked by rage against the government for actions such as the FBI siege of the branch Davidian religious compound which culminated with 80 deaths
What terrorist attack occurred in Kenya and Tanzania 1998?
Truck bombs killed 213 in the US Embassy in Kenya and another 11 in the embassy at Tanzania. The bombing ordered by Al-Qaeda in retaliation for the United States alleged role in capturing for Al-Qaeda operatives and Albania.
What terrorist attack occurred in Orlando in 2016?
49 people were killed and 58 injured in an attack in pulse, a nightclub in Orlando, by Omar mateen. The FBI was unable to establish a motive for the attack.
What is Al-Qaeda?
The Arabic word means the foundation. It was founded around 1988 by Osama bin Laden to unite other groups of fighters in Afghanistan as well as his supporters elsewhere in southwest Asia. Bin Laden founded the organization with his several hundred million dollar inheritance from his father.
Why did bin Laden issue a declaration of war against the United States in 1996?
Because of US support for Saudi Arabia and Israel. He said that Muslims have a duty to wage a holy war against US citizens because the US was responsible for protecting Israel and maintaining the saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia.  reclaim to that destruction of the Saudi monarchy and Jewish stay with liberate from their control Islam’s three holiest site.
What is Al-Qaeda’s most notorious terrorist attack?
A 2015 attack on the Paris offices of the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo. They killed 17 and injured 22. The attacks were protesting cartoons depicting Mohammed in the newspaper which was considered taboo in Islam.
What is Al-Qaeda like today?
After bin Laden was killed in 2011, adapted a decentralized structure with franchises that are idealogically aligned with Al-Qaedas goals but not financially attached to it
What is Boko Haram?
Is Arabic for western education is forbidden, and it was found in 2002 in north eastern Nigeria. It seems to transform Nigeria into one Islamic state and opposes adoption of western cultural practices especially by Christians in the south of the country. Organization peacefully Ranelagh just complex in school during his first seven years, but violent uprising 2009 resulted in the arrest of several hundred followers who broke out in the following year. Since then Boko Haram has resorted to terrorist tactics
What is the Taliban?
Means religious students, gain power in 1996 and was welcomed by many until they began to impose strict laws against “western, non-Islamic “practices and activities, violence ensued. US overthrew in 2001, but Taliban regrouped and regain control in some areas.
What is Islamic State?
Also known as ISIS or high SIL. It was founded in 1999 but combined with Al-Qaeda in 2004 and they split in 2014. It is made of Sunny Muslims who want to impose strict religious laws in southwest Asia and believe that they should rule all Muslims. They committed human rights violations and controlled north Iraq and east Syria but now control only 2% of Iraq
What is the distribution of workd terrorism like?
The number of deaths has increased from 5000 in 2002 to 32000 in 2014 and 25000 in 2016.  five main countries were attacks occurred- Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria, Syria. These organizations use of religion makes it difficults for Americans and Europeans to distinguish between practices of Muslims and abuse of Islam by Islamic terrorists
What is a boundary? What is a frontier?
A boundary is an invisible line that marks the extent of Estates area. Frontiers for areas were no state exercises complete political control. They tend to be uninhabited or sparsely inhabited geographic areas. They were replaced by boundaries.
What are the three types of cultural boundaries?
Cultural boundaries that followed a distribution of cultural features, geometric boundaries that are based on human constructs (straight lines and latitude), And physical boundaries created by significant features of landscapes. The best boundaries are those to watch all affected states agree.
What is one example of a cultural boundary? (Religion)
 religion often coincides with boundaries but is rarely used to select boundaries. One example where religion was used to select boundary lines was when Britain divided India area into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. Religion was used to some extent in dividing Ireland, which is 84% Catholic well north Ireland which belongs to the UK is only 41% Catholic. Language is an important divider in Europe some examples are France, Portugal, Spain before the 19th century and Germany and Italy in the 19th century
What is an example of an ethnic boundary?
Cypress which is the third largest island in the Mediterranean is 63% Greek and 24% Turkish. Some Greek officers sees the government in 1974 so turkey invaded to protect the minority and restore the elected government. The northern 36% of the island declared independence but only turkey recognizes it. A while was constructed between the two areas and it’s patrolled by the UN which prevents ethnicites from mingling. 1/3 of the Greeks had to move and 1/4 of the turks moved so that the Greeks would be in the south and the turks in the north. Part of the wall was demolished and the ethnicities can now mingle
Why do physical boundaries make good boundaries?
They are easily seen on the ground and on maps
Why are desert boundaries good boundaries and what are some examples?
Deserts are hard to cross and often sparsely inhabited. They are common in Asia and Africa but seen in South America also.
What makes mountain boundaries effective and what is an example?
They’re effective because they are permanent, relatively uninhabited, and sometimes hard to cross. Contact between nationalities can be limited if the passes are close by winter storms. Argentina and chile struggled on a green on the exact crest of the Andes mountains dividing the countries and almost for a war but the US prevented it
What makes water boundaries effective and what are some examples?
Rivers, lakes, and oceans are physical features that are most commonly used as boundaries because they are easily visible on maps an Ariel images and historically offered protection. They are common in East Africa, and the precise position of water can change over time. An example of this is the Rio Grande that divides the United States and Mexico
What is the law of the sea?
Define sir rights and responsibilities of countries with respect to the use of the worlds oceans and the management of marine resources and has been signed by 164 states.
What are the law of the seas three types of water boundaries?
Territorial waters are less than three nautical miles from shore and states me set laws regulating shit passage from other states. Contagious sounds are from 12 to 14 nautical miles away from sure and they enforce laws about pollution taxation customs and immigration. The exclusive economic zone is from 24 200 nautical miles away from short. The state has a sole right to fish and use of marine life. This has become important in the delineation of boundaries in polar regions and these laws apply acceptive two countries with conflicting claims negotiate
in what two regions are geometric boundaries especially prominent?
north africa and north america
how are geometric boundaries used in north america?
part of the us-canada border is on 49 deg north latitude- from lake of the woods to the straight of georgia. quebec and ny and vermont is along 45 deg north latitude.border between alask and yukon territory is alone 141 deg west
what is an example of a geometric border conflict in north america?
treaties in 1783-1903 between us and uk and during the 1840s, many americans wanted border to be set further north at 54 deg40’ latitude and used the slogal “54-40 or fight” but it ended peacefully by oregon treaty
how are geometric boundaries used in north africa? what is an example?
many countries in the north and south are divided by geometric boundaries, and are a legacy of european treaties dividing africa into colonies. ex: liby and chad border is a straight across desert in 1899 by france and uk to set north limit of french colonies.libya seized aouzou strip in 1973, then chad got it in 1987, and the intl court of justice ruled in favor of chad’s claim in 1994
how are geometric boundaries used at the south pole?
it contains the only large landmass on earth’s surface that is not part of a state. argentina, austrailia, chile, france, new zealnad, norway, and uk all claim land here, and chile, argentina, and uk claims conflict. the boundaries follow medians. many countries don’t recognize claims, and the antarctic treaty says that states may establish scientific research stations but not military bases
what is the conflict in the north polar region?
canada, denmark, iceland, norway, russia, and the us made conflicting claims about lomonosov ridge and russia and denmark each clalim its an extension of their landmasses. this is a result of dif interpretations of the law of the sea.
what are the five main shapes of states and how can shape act as a centrifugal and centripetal force?
compact, elongated, perforated, prorupted, fragmented. centripetal where shape is part of unique indentity, ease internal admi, encourage social unity. also centrifugal- potential for conflict with neighbors, add to admin difficulties, exacerbate conflict among regions
what are compact states? example?
state where distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, can be centripetal bc makes for good comms with all regions, ex: burundi, rwanda, kenya, uganda
what are prorupted states? example?
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension, often created to provide a state with access to a resource (DRC access to atlantic) or to separate other states (Namibia- caprivi strip by germany tp disrupt british comms, afghanistan prevents russia from bordering pakistan)
what are perforated states? example?
state that completely surrounds another state, surrounded state may face issues with dependence on/interference from surrounding state. s africa surrounds lesotho and depends on africa for imports and exports, difficult during s africa govt discrim against blacks
what are elongated state? example?
states with long and narrow shape, may suffer from poor internal comms bc of the shape. ex: the gambia- shape chose when british controlled mouth of river and french most of surrounding area, malawi- british did this to deter portuguese from staking own claim
what are fragmented state? example?
state with several discontinuous pieces of territory, hard w costs and problems associated with comms and national unity. 2 types- fragmented by other states: angola, cabinda, wants independence. fragmented by water: tanzania= 1964, zanzibar and tanganyika.
what are landlocked states?
states with no direct outlet to see, completely surrounded by other countries, uses other’s seaports for trade. 15/55 states in africa are landlocked because britiain and france divided regions without regard for landlocked and built railroads to move minerals from interior to outside, rail lines for mining supplies to the interior
what is the purpose of redrawing legislative district boundaries?
redrawn because of migration changes pop and political parties can bend the rules to their advantage. 435 districts of the house of reps redrawn every ten years
what is gerrymandering?
the redrawing of legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power. named after elbridge gerry, gov of massachusetts and vp of us. signed a bill that redistricted his state to benefit its party and someone called it a salamander shape so then it got its name
what are the two forms of gerrymandering?
cracking- likeminded voters spread across several districts to prevent reaching a majority in any, wasting their votes. packing- likeminded voters are stacked into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
what is gerrymandering like in the us?
african americans and hispanics mostly vote democratic (90% afr amer) so packing an afr amer district p=basically guarantees election of a dem, and republicans support this because then can draw favorable boundaries in the rest of the state
how does redrawing boundaries work in europe vs america?
europe- entrusted to commisions to make compact homogeneous districts without regard for voting preferences or incumbents. america- 6/43 states with multiple congressional districts use non partisan commisions (az, cali, hawaii, idaho, nj, washington), mainly entrusted to state legislature and the party in control tries to redraw to benefit their party, gis is useful and 1/10 congressional seats are competitive soo a shift of more than a few seats unlikely from one election to another
What state is one of the most severe cases of gerrymandering?
Ohio. Democrats were packed into a handful of districts. Ohio voters approved a process by which the majority and minority parties in the state legislature first try to agree on a map and if they cannot agree an independent commission would step in. The amendment to the state constitution approved by the voters specifies numerous geographic features that must be used by the map makers to create compact districts. For example: cities with population less than 750,000 cannot be split – Columbus, and 65 out of the 88 counties must be in one district less than 18 can be split more than once and less than five can be split more than two times.
What is an example of a state that has tried to eliminate gerrymandering?
Pennsylvania altered congressional districts to illuminate gerrymandering. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled the map drawn by state legislature was unconstitutional and the court Drew its own map on time ran out for legislature to create an approved one. Goody kicking donald in district 7
