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Physiology 2 Test 2 > Ch 79 > Flashcards

Ch 79 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of compact bone is organic and what % is salt deposits?

A

30% organic and 70% is salt deposits.

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2
Q

What makes up 90-95% of the organic part of a bone?

A

Collagen fibers.

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3
Q

5-10% of the organic bone is what and what will it do?

A

Ground substance and it controls salt deposition.

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4
Q

What makes the salt deposits in bone?

A

Ca and Ph which together make hydroxyapatite.

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5
Q

What part of the bone is for tensile force?

A

collagen

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6
Q

What part of the bone is for compressional strength?

A

Hydroxyapatite.

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7
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals will or will not precipitate in the ECF with supersaturation of Ca, and Ph?

A

Will not.

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8
Q

What % of total body calcium is in the ECF?

A

0.1 percent.

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9
Q

What % of calcium is intracellular?

A

1 percent.

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10
Q

Where is 98% of body calcium stored at?

A

In the bones.

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11
Q

Besides the bone where else is ca stored at?

A

Liver and GI tract.

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12
Q

Calcium equilibrium in the blood is important for what?

A

Proper pH of blood to be maintained.

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13
Q

Osteoclast do what and are how active?

A

They mobilize bone and are active in less than 1% of bones in adults.

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14
Q

Physical stress on bones controls what?

A

The rate of deposition.

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15
Q

Fracutres of bones do what?

A

Maxinally activates osteoblasts.

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16
Q

What is a callus?

A

When fixing a fracture it is the depostition of ca salts between ends.

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17
Q

What is the normal amount of calcium in the ECF?

A

9.4 mg/dl.

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18
Q

High levels of calcium in ECF will do what to the nervous system?

A

Neurological excitability.

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19
Q

Ph or Phosphorus is found where in the body?

A

1% in ECF, 15% intracellular and 85% is in bones.

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20
Q

Phosphorus assists in what?

A

Acid-base balance.

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21
Q

What is the main purpose of PTH and where is it made at?

A

Made in the parathyroid gland it controls the ECF concentration of Ca, and Ph.

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22
Q

What will an over and under active parathyroid gland lead to?

A

over- Hypercalcemia and osteoporosis. Under- leads to hypocalcemia and tetany.

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23
Q

parathyroid function?

A

2/4.

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24
Q

Chief cells in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH and are called what when they are inactive?

A

Oxyphil cells.

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25
Q

What is Osteolysis?

A

The removal of bone salts caused by PTH activating osteoclasts.

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26
Q

With hypoparathyroidism what happens to Serum levels of Phosphorus?

A

They are increased.

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27
Q

How can hypoparathyroidism cause death?

A

Can lead to laryngeal tetany and respiratory obstruction.

28
Q

How is Hypoparathyroidism treated?

A

supplements. Instead Vitamin D is given up to 100,000 IU/month, and Ca supplements 1-2 g./day.

29
Q

Tetany occurs when Ca serum levels fall how low?

A

6mg/dl or falls by 35%.

30
Q

Death from low levels of serum Ca occurs at what levels of calcium?

A

4mg/dl.

31
Q

What is the usual cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Usually a tumor causing increased secretions of PTH.

32
Q

Why is hyperparathyroidism common in women?

A

Because of breast feeding. More Ca is needed in ECF.

33
Q

What is osteitis fibrosa cystic?

A

Extensive decalcificatin and large punched-out cystic areas.

34
Q

Giant cell osteoclast tumors are areas of what?

A

Extreme osteoclast congregation.

35
Q

What happens to osteoblasts with hyperparathyroidism?

A

they fall behind.

36
Q

Increase concentrations of Ca and Phosphorus in urine leads to what?

A

Kidney stones.

37
Q

What will hypercalcemia do to reflexes, cardiac function, and GI contractility?

A

Decrease these actions.

38
Q

What happens to our appetite with hypercalcemia?

A

It decreases.

39
Q

How will hypercalcemia effect blood pressure?

A

It gives diastolic blood pressure abnormalities.

40
Q

What happens with extreme hypercalcemia of 17mg/dl?

A

Parathyroid poisoning and metastatic calcification.

41
Q

will it go?

A

Alveoli, kidney tubules, thyroid gland, mucosa of stomach, artery walls.

42
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Elevated PTH due to hypocalcemia (if the parathyroid gland is working normally).

43
Q

What are 2 casues of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

D.

44
Q

What is the carrier of calcium in ECF?

A

Albumin.

45
Q

What happens with normal levels of serum calcium and high PTH?

A

It is secondary hyperparathyroidism.

46
Q

What are 2 causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

D.

47
Q

Generally what is the effect of calcitonin?

A

Opposes PTH it decreases the serum calcium.

48
Q

What is weaker calcitonin or PTH?

A

Calcitonin is weaker.

49
Q

What will dominate or override calcitonin or PTH when both are present?

A

PTH trumps.

50
Q

With a thyroid removal what treatment is given to compensate for the loss of calcitonin?

A

Nothing the effects of calcitonin in adults is small.

51
Q

What will increase the amount of calcium binding protein (albumin)?

A

Vitamin D.

52
Q

How will vitamin D effect ATPase in GI cells?

A

It increases calcium-stimulated ATPase in GI cells.

53
Q

How will vitamin D effect alkaline phosphatae in the GI cells?

A

It increases alkaline phosphatase in the GI cells.

54
Q

What is a Vitamin D deficiency in childeren called?

A

Rickets.

55
Q

Low levels of Vitamin D do what to bones?

A

Leads to weakened bones.

56
Q

What is the treatment of rickets?

A

Calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D supplements.

57
Q

What is the adult for of rickets called?

A

Osteomalacia.

58
Q

Will adults usually have vitamin D deficencies why or why not?

A

No because their skeletons are mature and they have no increased demand.

59
Q

What may cause osteomalacia or adult rickets?

A

Steatorrhea which is a failure to absor fat.

60
Q

Why will steatorrhea cause osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D is fat soluable and calcium forms an insoluable detergent with fat. So calcium and Vitamin D are excreted in the feces instead of absorbed.

61
Q

What is renal rickets?

A

kidneys.

62
Q

When will renal ricktes occur?

A

In surgical removal, damage, or hemodialysis.

63
Q

What is congenital hypophosphorusmia?

A

Vitamin D resistant rickets from reduced reabsorption of phosphorus.

64
Q

What is the most common bone disease?

A

Osteoporosis.

65
Q

Osteoporosis results from what?

A

Diminished bone matrix not poor bone calcification.

66
Q

What happens to osteoblasts and osteoclast with osteoprosis?

A

Osteoblast- activity is less than normal. Osteoclasts- excess activity may be the cause of osteoprosis.

67
Q

What is a common cause of osteoprosis that we highlighted in class?

A

Lack of physical stress on bones.

Physiology 2 Test 2 (4 decks)

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