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BIO 2310 - Exam 2 (Bones) > Ch 7 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch 7 - Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal System functions (5)

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. storage(calcium+phos,fat,min) 5. blood cell production(marrow-rise to RBC) - hematopoiesis
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2
Q

Bone, cartilage, tendons ligaments are what type of tissue

A

CT

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3
Q

extracellular matrix contains:

A
  1. collagen (glue producing tough ropelike protein) 2. proteoglycans (protein+polysaccharides) 3. water 4. minerals
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4
Q

4 types of bone

A
  1. long bone (longer than are wide, levers for muscles; femur, humerus, ulna/radius)
  2. short bone (approx. as broad as they are long, glide; wrist, ankle, carpal bone, talus)
  3. flat bone (thin, flat, proect organs; skull, ribs, scapula, sternum, internal and extrernal table(compact) with dipole (calncellous bone)
  4. irregular bone (vertebra, facial, sphenoid)
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5
Q

5 parts of large bone - with description and label diagram

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphyses
  3. articular cartilage
  4. periosteum
  5. medullary cavity
  6. endosteum
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6
Q

diaphysis

A

long central shaft, provides support, hollow so not as heavy

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7
Q

epiphysis & process

A

ends of long bone, spongy/cancellous filled with red marrow, upon development, seperated from diaphysis by epiphyseal line

  1. epiphyses are seperated from diaphysis by epiphyseal plate (growth plate) which is made of cartilage (until it fills in) and allows for bone growth-in kids,teens
  2. cartilage later is replaced by bone (ossification) and forms epiphyseal line-adults
  3. region is now called metaphysis
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8
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the ends pf epiphysis, where bone connects to bone (joint)

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9
Q

periosteum

A

outer surface of bone (except for joing surfaces)

dense CT

contains blood vessels and nerves – PAIN ex shin splints

contains enthesis - where tendons imbed themselves into the periosteum of bone, connected by Sharpy’s fibers (stitch tendons into the p of bone)

contains osteoblasts (repair/remodeling of formation of bone = dynamic)

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10
Q

medullary cavity

A

tubelike, hollow space in diaphysis

“marrow cavity” - adults bone, filled with CT rich in fat,WBC = yellow marrow

in youth, starts as mainly red marrow, blood cells

in adult, red marrow confined to proximal ends of long bone

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11
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity and spongy bone

is a thinner CT membrane

contains osteoblasts (repair/remodeling of formation of bone = dynamic)

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12
Q

Compact bone

A

mostly solid matrix

blood vessels enter and exit bone

waste and nutrients in/out through the haversian canal system

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13
Q

cancellous bone

A

aka spongy bone, trabeculae beams filled with marrow

lacy network of bone, small marrow-filled spaces

Location: mainly epiphysis of long bone

Forms: interior/intter part of bone

Gives stregnth without added withed

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14
Q

osteoblasts

A

small “bone-forming” cells

cells that secrete osteoid (matrix)

osteogeneic stems cells in endosteum undergo cell division – form osteoblasts

ossification - formation of bone by osteoblasts

remove calcium from blood and gives to forming bone

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15
Q

osteoclasts

A

large “bone-reabsorbing” cells

responsible for active erosion of bone minerals

as minerals and calcium are dissolved during bone erosion, they are reabsorbed back into blood (original source) - osteoclasts returns to blood

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16
Q

cartilage

A

CT (hyaline - rings of ribs, lungs, bronchi; elastic - ear,opening respitory tract; fibro - dense CT)

sustains great weight when covering articulating bone surgaces

shock absorbant

NO canal system of blood vessels penetrate

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17
Q

chondrocytes

A

scatter mutrients and O2 to cartilage via diffusion through the perichondrium

only healthy cells in cartilage matrix that makes collegan and proteglycans

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18
Q

appositional vs interstital(longitudal) growth in cartilage

A

longitudal/intersistial, “enodenous growth” - occurs WITHIN cartilage tissue, childhood/adolescence, chondrocytes divide and secrete additional matrix, which can happen b/c soft nature of cartilage tissue.

appositional growth, “exogenous growth” - occurs OUTER surfaces of cartilage tissue. beyond adolescence and throughout adult life. chondrocytes in deep layer of perichondrium divide and secrete additional matrix, which is placed on surface of cartilage, wihch causes it to increase in size. Bone grows in DIAMETER, where scoliosis is imporant to manage

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19
Q

bones develop baby 2 processes

A

intermembranous and endochondral ossification - result in compact and cancellous bone

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20
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

within CT membrane

where flat bones and formed within fibrous membrane

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21
Q

endochondral ossification

A

“bone formation in cartilage”

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22
Q

4 phases of bone healing

A
  1. blood vessels ruptured, swelling
  2. bleeding
  3. fracture hematomas, fibrocartilage splints bone
  4. develops into granulation tissue containing inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, bone/cartilage forming cells, capillaries
  5. Formation of bony callus tissue
  6. Replaced with normal bone
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23
Q

PTH vs calcitonin

A

hormones secreted by PTG and thyroid gland

primary homestatic mechanisms for blood regulation fo Ca+

High blood Ca+ level(hypercalcemia) - calcitonin released, breakdown bone matrix decreases, Ca+ in blood decreases

Low blood Ca+ level(hypo) - PTH released, breakdown increases, Ca+ in blood rises

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24
Q

avascular necrosis

A

death of bone tissue due to lack of blood flow

  • can lead to breaks in bones and sometimes collapse

“snow cap sign”, “bite sign”, sclerosis

can happen when there is fracure or dislocation

predisposing factors: cortisone shots

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25
Q

legg-calve-perthes disease

A

epiphyseal necrosis (avascular necrosis)

in kids, occurs before closure of growth plate

creates abnormal femoral angle

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26
Q

Paget’s disease

A
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27
Q

soft drinks..

A

can lead to inhibition of ossification of bone, cause deminerilization of bone

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28
Q

Rickets

A

in children where bones fail to calcify, bowing deformity in weight bearing bones

Lack of Ca and/or Vit D

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29
Q

open fracture/compound fracture

A
  • Occurs when there is small cut in skin or severe soft tissue injuries that threaten survival of limb
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30
Q

Gustilo-Anderson classification system

A

Grade 1-3, increases with number

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31
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone breaks into many fragments

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32
Q

compression fx

A

bone is crushed, common osteoporotic bones

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33
Q

depressed fx

A

broken bone portion pressed inward

ex: skull

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34
Q

impacted fx

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

ex: trying to break a fall

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35
Q

spiral fx

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twising forces

-common in sports

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36
Q

greenstick fx

A

bones break incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks

  • common children
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37
Q

pathological fracture

A

break over a tumor site

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38
Q

simple fracture

A

clean break

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39
Q

oblique fracture

A

oblique direction

40
Q

Colles fracture

A

break the distal radius and ulna wrist

happens when we fall

wrists are hit on inside

41
Q

smith’s fracture

A

opposite of Colles, when you fall and wrist is hit on outside (posterior or extensor aspect)

42
Q

inversion fracture

A

ankle inverts and rolls outwards

43
Q

ACL avulsion fracture

A

avulsion - bone was pulled off of itself when muscle is contracted to hard, it tears and pulls a chunk of bone off

44
Q

stress fracture

A
45
Q

repeated overpronation, plantar flexion, exceissive weight

shin splints

A
46
Q

shoulder dislocation vs subluxation

A

dislocation: ball and socket of joint have fully seperated (humerus fully detached from glenoid fossa). Happens when fall and try to stop fall.

subluxation: type of dislocation, but ball and socket NOT fully seperated. Can occur by damage to muscles/tendons.

47
Q

Bones in child vs adult spine

A

33 vertabrae at birth, eventually they fuse to sacrum and coccyx and 24 remain

48
Q

How find heart using bone anatomy

A

right below jugular notch(T3), behind sternal angle, ends at xiphisternal joint(T9)

49
Q

invertebral disc

A
  • fibrocartilage
  • allow movement of spine
  • fluid filled (h20), is lost with subluxation patterns and age
  • if slipped can cause: herniation, LBP, stiffness, deg.
50
Q

anulus fibrosus

A
  • most common tissue of origin for back pain is the outer layer annulus fibrosus
  • tough circular exterior of disc that surrounds soft inner for (nucleus)
  • collagen fibers, highly ordered in 10-20 sheets called circumferential lamallae

- these are arranged in concentric rings that surround the nucleus pulposus

  • flexion: is distracted, can resist force, but less able to resist axial torsion
51
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

posterior central axis, soft part of disc, gelly, mainly h20

  • Fluids are passed in/out of annulus and NP by diffusion
  • nutrients derived to tissues and cells through diffusion

-

52
Q

sinuvertabral nerves

A

meningeal branches of spinal nerves that branch form segmental spinal nerve

53
Q

nociception

A

sensory nervous system’s response to certain harmful stimuli

  • small afferents
  • pain depends on how active mechanoreceptors are (large afferents) and nociceptors
  • stimulation travels along nerves via spinal cord to brain, then results in pain sensation
  • acute musculoskeletal injury affects the activity of the cutaneous and vasomoter symp neurons. So there is a relation btw acute ms tissue injury and autonomic NS
54
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

55
Q

sympathetics

A

sympathetic action modulates

  1. skeletal muscle fibers
  2. metabolism
  3. ionic transport accross membrane
  4. contractility
56
Q

through ear lobe, shoulder joint, center of hip joint, midline of knee, center of ankle joint

A
57
Q

tuberosity

A

large, rounded projection (no tibia)

58
Q

crest

A

narrow ridge of bone

59
Q

trochanter

A

very large, blunt, irregular process (ONLY on femur, 2 of them)

60
Q

tubercle

A

small, rounded projection or process (abducter tubercle)

61
Q

process

A

any bony prominence

62
Q

facet

A

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

63
Q

meatus

A

canal-like passageway

64
Q

fossa

A

depression in a bone

65
Q

foramen

A

round or oval opening through a bone

66
Q

sinus

A

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

67
Q

lordosis vs kyphosis vs vs scoliosis vs 2ndry curvatures

A

L - “sway back”, the spine of person curves significantly inward at lower back

K - abnormally rounded upper back more than 50 degrees

S- sideways curve, S or C shaped

2 - develops during head raising, crawling, walking

68
Q

structural vs functional classification

A

S - joints named according to type of CT that joins bones together( fibrous vs cartilaginous) or by presence of fluid filled capsules(synvoinal joints)

F - joints diveided into 3 classes according to degree of movement: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diathroses

69
Q

synarthroses

A

fibrous, immovable, sutures of skull

70
Q

amphiathroses

A

cartilaginous, slightly movable, pubic of symphysis

71
Q

diathroses

A

synovial, freely movable, shoulder joint

72
Q

bursae

A

in synvoinal joint

  • pillow-like structure which consists of a synvonial membrane filled with synovial fluid. Tend to be associated with bony prominences (ex knee or elbow), where they function to cushion the joint and facilalte movement of tendons
  • reduces friction wear and tear ex: shoulder or knee
73
Q

fibrous joints (synarthoses)

A

immovable

three types: syndesmoses, sutures gomphoses

74
Q

syndesmoses

A

joints in which fibrous bands (ligs) connects two bones. ex: btw radius and ulna (interosseous ligament)

75
Q

sutures

A

found only in skull

teethlike, fibrous cartilage joints

76
Q

gomphoses

A

unique joints that occur btw the root fo a tooth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla

77
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

amphiarthroses

joined by hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage

78
Q

synovial joints

A

freely movable, diathroses, ex: shoulder or hip joint

79
Q

tendon sheath

A

wraps completely around tendon

  • aids in a reduction of friction
  • like a bun around a hotdog
80
Q

saddle joint

A
  • biaxial synovial joint
  • ex: thumb joint btw 1st mc and c bone
  • saddle shaped fits into socket
  • flexion/extension in one plane, abd/add in other
81
Q

condyloid (ellipsodial) joint

A
  • biaxial synovial joint
  • ex: joint btw radius and carpal bones
  • oval condyle fits into socket
  • flex/ext one plane, add/abd in other
82
Q

plane joint

A

“gliding” joint

  • multiaxial synovial joint
  • ex: joints btw articular facets of vertabraes, joints btw carpal and tasal bones
  • flat articulating surfaces
  • gliding movements w/out angular or circular movements
83
Q

OA

A

Osteoarthritis

wear and tear of cartilage, mechanical

collagen matrix unorganized > less proteoglycans > breakdown colleges fibers > decrease osmotic pull > increase water content

84
Q

RA

A

Autoimmune

Noniceptive

inflammation of synovial membrane

85
Q

DJD

A

Mechanical wear and tear

86
Q

Degenerative disc disease

A

I wear and fair of normal and minor injuries and IVD start to lose water as the annulus fibrouses weakens

87
Q

Herniation

A

Tear in outer fibrous ring of disk allows soft central part of,disc to extend past damaged rings cause pain when compressed on nerves

88
Q

Spondylosis

A

Cause of normal bad posture, subluxation of joints, sports

degeneration of spinal column

with abnormal pressure, creates abnormal bones to compensate, weight from abnormal boon causes condition

89
Q

Osgood schlatters disease

A

Aphphytis of tibial tubercle -inflammation of patellar ligament and tuberle

repeated tension growth plate, running jumping

Painful lump below knee cap- children teens young A

90
Q

Hill-Sachs lesion

A

cortical depression in the posterolateral head of the humerus. It results from forceful impaction of the humeral head against the anteroinferior glenoid rim when the shoulder is dislocated anteriorly.

91
Q

Bunion

A

swollen bursal sac or an osseous (bony) anomaly on the metatarsophalangeal joint. The larger part of the bump is a normal part of the head of the first metatarsal bone that has tilted sideways to stick out

92
Q

March fracture

A

Fracture of distal metatarsal due to recurrent stress

common soldiers

93
Q

Corns

A

Abnormal anatomy of foot that causes pressure at points and then thickening of skin

94
Q

Morton’s neuroma

A

benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly of the second and third intermetatarsal spaces (between 2nd−3rd and 3rd−4th metatarsal heads), which results in the entrapment of the affected nerve.

95
Q

Plantar fascitis

A

Policeman’s heal

most common causes of heel pain. It involves inflammation of a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of your foot and connects your heel bone to your toes

BIO 2310 - Exam 2 (Bones) (2 decks)

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