CH 7 Preventing Perioperative Disease Transmission Flashcards
Non Pathogenic Microorganisms purpose
Break down complex organic compounds into simple forms
Pathogens
any microbes capable of causing disease or infection
Name the Human Microbe Relationships (5)
Indigenous microflora, Opportunistic, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism.
Indigenous microflora
microbes that live on the skin and inside the human body
Opportunistic
harmless until given an opportunity to enter the body (surgical wound, break in skin)
Mutualism
both organisms benefit from and depend on one another to a certain extent (E. coli: obtains nutrients from food in human intestine/ produces vitamin K- *essential for blood clotting & coagulation
Commensalism
one organism benefits but second organism neither benefits nor is harmed. (indigenous microflora on the skin)
Parasitism
one organism benefits and the host is harmed
Nosocomial Infection
Infection obtained while patient is in the hospital.
Bacteria
Reside naturally in human body; cause no disease unless opportunity arises.
-Aerobic or Anaerobic
Classified as Gram- or Gram+ with Gram stain
Classified by shape (Cocci,bacilli)
Name the Bacteria commonly found in body (7)
E. coli, Staphylococcus Streptococcus pyogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clostridium Perfringens Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Helicobacter pylori
Staphylococcus aureus (staph)
found in respiratory tract and on skin. MRSA is a dangerous form of this bacteria; one common cause of nosocomial infection, most commonly transmitted pathogen in OR
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
causative agent of tuberculosis; waxy coating on cell surface makes impervious to gram staking; highly aerobic, requires high levels of oxygen.
Spores
Tough, non reproductive, stripped down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reproduce itself
Enable bacteria to lie dormant for long periods, even centuries.
When proper conditions for bacterial grown are destroyed, the bacterium returns to its vegetative state and is able to grown and reproduce once again.
Characteristics of viruses
Non living, small particles that are completely reliant on the host cell for survival
Virus invades host cell, combines with DNA or RNA of the cell and changes cells metabolism to perform replication of virus
Common viruses of OR
hep B, transmitted though body fluids
Hep C, infections the liver
HIV, INfection occurs thigh all body fluids except saliva
Herpes, transmitted with an infected area of the skin.
CJD (infectious disease)
Degenerative, neurological disorder, that is incurable, and invariably fatal. Brain tissue develops holes, and takes on sponge like texture, caused by prions
Prions
Misfolded proteins which replicate by converting their properly folded counterparts, built of proteins and do not contain DNA or RNA
Parasites (infectious disease)
Invertebrates that cause diseases, worms are most common, with route of transmission generally by ingestion of contaminated food or water that contains the worms or eggs, can include penetration through the skin, fecal oral contamination
Fungi (infectious disease)
Generally opportunistic pathogen that causes disease when the patient or host is immunocompromised,
Grows as yeast, and filament outs cells
Cause of oral and genital infections
Viability of microorganism
Must have adequate time to reproduce
Must have food, moisture and proper temperature
Human portals of exit
Pathways by which micro organisms leave the body depends largely on the part of the body, affected by the disease. All body secretions are excretions are potential portals of exit if they contain ay component of blood.
Methods of transmission
Direct
Indirect
Droplet
Airborne spread
Direct mode of transmission
Light handle drops into open wound, needle stick
Indirect mode of transmission
Bio burden on gloves contaminated equipment that it handled by ungloved person who rubs eyes
Droplet mode of transmission
> 5 um, infection spread though the air by droplets spread by sneezing, coughing or talking.
Airborne spread of transmission
Infection spread through the air by sneeze droplets.
Two primary sources of risk to the patient of SSI
Endogenous flora of the skin and the resident flora of the skin
Primary goal of ST
Always proactive proper sterile technique to prevent transmission of microbes perioperatively, and thus to prevent SSI
Name common viruses in OR
Hepatitis b Hepatitis c HIV papillomavirus Herpes
Hepatitis b
Virus, disease of the liver, transimted through bodily fluids
Hepatitis c
Virus. Disesas affecting the liver, spread blood to blood contact. No vaccine available.
HIV
Virus. Cause of aids, infection through all body fluids except saliva.
Papillomavirus
Virus. Causes small benign Tumore like warts. That can become cancerous
Herpes
Virus. Produces most cold sores and genital heroes, transmitted by contact with an infected area Of the skin
Portals of entry (6)
Skin, respiratory tract, alimentary tract, genitourinary tract, placenta, circulatory system,
Portal of entry through the SKIN
Skin must be broken, common microorganism entering through the skin cause tetanus, gas gangrene, staph, and strept.
Portal of entry through RESPIRATORY TRACT
Enter through mouth and nose, most frequent route of infection
Common microorganism entering they this route caus tuberculosis, pneumonia, cold, measles, small pox, scarlet fever
Portals of entry through ALIMENTARY TRACT
Known as intestinal or enteric microorganisms enter thgh the mouth into the stomach and LGI tract
Microorganism entering thgh this route include those causing typhoid fever,
These diseases are more commonly seen in areas with poor sanitation and are transmitted through contaminated food and water.
portalsof entry through GENITOURINARY TRACT
entr though the mucous membranes of the urinary and reproductive systems,
Microorganism include this causing urinary trance infections, HIV, and sexually transmitted disease
Portal of entry through PLACENTA
Certain microorganisms from the pregnant mother will penetrate the placenta and infect the fetus,
These include syphilis, HIV, small pox and German measles
Portals of entry through CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Enter by invasion into the bloodstream
Microorganisms including hep b and HIV can be transmitted by contaminated blood transfusions, need sticks or cuts from sharp objects that have been contaminated by blood or body fluids.
Portals of exit (6)
Blood, fecal matter, urine, respiratory secretions, tears, semen
Portals of exit through BLOOD
Microorganism causing hep b and HIV (these are blood borne pathogens)
Portals of exit through FECAL MATTER
Includes microorganisms causing hepatitis, polio and dysentery
Portals of exit through URINE
Includes microorganisms causing typhoid fever
Portals of exit through RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
Includes microorganism causing step that and the comments cold HIV may be transmitted in saliva only if it contains blood.
Portals of exit through TEARS
Includes microorganisms causing conjunctivitis
Portals of exit through SEMEN
Includes microorganisms causing h and sexually transmitted diseases
Factors that increase risk of SSI
Age, obesity, general health, nasal carriers of s aureus,increases stay of hospital length, per existing illness (radiation therapy, chemotherapy,)
