Ch. 7 - Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
What is neoplasia?
A
New growth.
2
Q
What is a tumor?
A
Formation of masses.
3
Q
What is Cancer?
A
tissue invasion, appearance like crawling crab.
4
Q
What is oncology?
A
The branch of science dealing with neoplasia.
5
Q
What is a carcinoma in situ?
A
“in it’s place” - usually before basement membrane penetration
6
Q
Will a tumor always be a neoplasia?
A
yes.
7
Q
Is a neoplasia always a tumor?
A
No.
8
Q
What is hyperplasia?
A
Increase in number of cells.
9
Q
What is metaplasia?
A
1 adult cell type is replaced by another.
10
Q
What is dysplasia?
A
abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape. Commonly preneoplastic
11
Q
What is anaplasia?
A
An IRREVERSIBLE abnormal cell lacking differentiation.
12
Q
What is irreversible neoplasia?
A
a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive.
13
Q
What is desmoplasia?
A
IRREVERSIBLE fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.
14
Q
What are the 2 clinical classifications of tumors?
A
- Benign 2. Malignant
15
Q
Benign vs malignant - growth?
A
Benign = slow, expansive Malignant = Fast, invasive
16
Q
Does a tumor have to have metastases to be malignant?
A
NO
17
Q
Which type of tumor has metastases (transfer to other parts of the body)?
A
Malignant.
18
Q
What is the external surface of benign and malignant tumors?
A
Benign- smooth, malignant- irregular.
19
Q
What type of tumor will have a capsule?
A
Benign.
20
Q
What type of tumor will show necrosis?
A
Malignant.
21
Q
What type of tumor will have hemorrhage?
A
Malignant.
22
Q
Tumors can get up to how big before they need a new blood supply?
A
10mm.
23
Q
How will large tumors get new blood supply?
A
They release chemotaxic factors that induce angiogenesis.
24
Q
What will the benign and malignant tumors look like microscopically?
A
Benign- look like normal tissue of origin. Malignant- does not resemble normal tissue of origin.
25
What will benign and malignant tumor CELLS look like microscopically?
Benign- well differentiated. Malignant- poorly differentiated.
26
What will benign and malignant tumor cell nuclei look like microscopically?
Benign- normal size and shape also uniform. Malignant- variable shape (Pleomorphic).
27
What will tumor cells mitoses be like for benign and malignant tumors?
Benign- few. Malignant- Many and irregular.
28
How many normal chromosomes do we have?
23 pairs.
29
what do we look for in a vaginal smear?
Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio.
30
What does metastasis mean?
Change positions.
31
What are the 4 main pathways of metastasis?
1. Lymphatics. 2. Blood. 3. Seeding surface of body cavity (transcoelomic spread). 4. Intraepitheilal.
32
What is the first step in the metastatic cascade?
a primary tumor.
33
What is the second step in the metastatic cascade?
Metastatic clone evolves (mutation w/in cancer cells)
34
What is the third step in the metastatic cascade?
Proliferation of the clone and invasion of vessel.
35
What is the 4th step in the metastatic cascade?
Transport by circulation.
36
What is the 5th step in the metastatic cascade?
Emboilization (getting caught).
37
Where wil embolization most commonly take place?
At areas where blood vessels get narrower - commonly lungs
38
What is the 6th step in the metastatic cascade?
Invasion
39
What is the 7th step in the metastatic cascade?
New tumor formation at the site of metastasis.
40
What is a clone?
A distinct subpopulation.
41
What is transcoelomic spread?
Direct seeding of a cavity by neoplastic cells within that cavity.
42
What is the biological role of tumor-induced angiogenesis?
TO overcome limitations of nutrient and oxygen delivery.
43
Why is transcoelomic spread bad?
There is no plane of resistance to spreading - direct seeding
44
What is intraepithelial spread?
Tumor cells infiltrate between cells of normal epithelium WITHOUT invading underlying stroma
45
What is the best example of intraepithelial spread?
Paget's disease of the nipple
46
What does Paget's disease of the nipple start as?
INTRADUCTAL carcinoma within the breast
47
What is Paget's disease of the nipple?
Cells of ductal carcinoma in situ grow into the nipple skin - resembles eczema
48
What is mesenchyme?
cells of mesodermal origin that are capable of developing into connective tissues, blood, and lymphatic and blood vessels.
49
Mesenchymal tumors are named how (both benign and malignant?
Benign- use cell of origin + oma. Malignant- cell of origin + sarcoma
50
Epithelial tumors are named how (both benign and malignant?
Benign- use terms like adenoma and papilloma. Malignant- use carcinoma.
51
Carcinoma implies what?
Epithelial origin but malignant
52
Sarcoma implies what?
It is of mesenchymal origin but malignant.
53
What would a benign and malignant tumor of fibroblast cells be called?
B- Fibroma. M- Fibrosarcoma.
54
What would a benign and malignant tumor of fat cells be called?
B- Lipoma M- Liposarcoma.
55
What would a benign and malignant tumor of blood vessels?
B- hemangioma. M- Hemangiosarcoma.
56
What would a benign and malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells?
B- Leiomyoma. M- Leiomyosarcoma.
57
What would a benign and malignant tumor of striated muscle be called?
B- rhadbomyoma. M- Rhabdomyosarcoma.
58
What would a benign and malignant tumor of bone be called?
B- osteoma. M- osteosarcoma
59
What would a benign and malignant tumor of cartilage cells be called?
B- Chondroma. M- Condrosacroma.
60
What would a benign and malignant tumor of squamous skin cells be called?
B- Epithelioma. M- Squamous cell carcinoma.
61
What would a benign and malignant tumor of transitional epithelium be called?
B-Transitional cell papiloma. M- transitional cell carcinoma.
62
What would a benign and malignant tumor of glandular ducts in epithelium be called?
B- adneoma. M- adenocarcinoma.
63
What would a benign and malignant tumor of neuroendocrine cells be called?
B- carcinoid. M- oat cell carcinoma.
64
What would a benign and malignant tumor of Liver cells?
B- liver cell adenoma. M- Liver cell carcinoma.
65
What would a benign and malignant tumor of kidney cells be called?
B- renal cell adenoma. M- renal cell carcinoma.
66
What would a benign and malignant tumor of white blood cells?
No benign. M- luekemia.
67
What would a benign and malignant tumor of lymphoid cells?
No benign. M- Lymphoma.
68
What would a benign and malignant tumor of plasma cells?
No benign. M- multiple myeloma.
69
What would a benign and malignant tumor of neuroblasts be called?
B- ganglioneuroma. M- Neuroblastoma.
70
What would a benign and malignant tumor of glial cells?
No benign. M- Glioma.
71
What would a benign and malignant tumor of meningeal cells?
B- menigioma. No malignant.
72
What would a benign and malignant tumor of schwann cells be called?
B- Schwannoma. M- Malignant schwannoma.
73
What would a benign and malignant tumor of embryonic cells be called?
B- teratoma. M- Teratocarcinoma.
74
What will adenoma of colon look like microscopically?
Uniform appearance. (as opposed to malignant)
75
What does sarcoma look like grossly?
"Flesh-like" appearance.
76
What will sarcoma look like microscopically?
Elongated cells that resemble fibroblast.
77
What will carcinoma look like microscopically?
Neoplastic cells are surrounded by non-specific stroma.
78
What will squamous cell carcinoma look like microscopically?
Solid cell nests that show central keratinization
79
What will adenocarcinoma look like microscopically?
Neoplastic glands
80
What will renal cell carcinoma look like in a nephrectomy?
Spongy yellowish.
81
What type of tumor is a blastoma?
Malignant tumors composed of embryonic cells from embryonic primordia.
82
What type of a tumor is a teratoma?
They are derived from germ cells and contain mixed tissues from all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
83
Teratoma is the benign form what is the malignant form?
Teratocarcinoma.
84
What are eponymic tumors?
They have the names of the doctors that discovered them.
85
What is Hodgkin's disease?
An eponymic tumor of the lymph nodes.
86
What is Ewing's sarcoma?
An eponymic tumor of the bones.
87
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
An eponymic tumor of the skin.
88
What should be looked for with Kaposi's sarcoma?
Pathologically related to AIDS - indicates something wrong with immune system
89
What are the different ways to classify tumors?
Grading and staging.
90
What are the different ways of staging tumors?
TNM, Overall stage groupings.
91
Tumor staging is based on what?
Clinical assessment during GROSS examination as to the extent of SPREAD.
92
Tumor grades are based on what?
Histologic examination.
93
What does TNM stand for?
T- size of the tumor. N- presence of lymph Node metastases. M- Distant metastases.
94
The T or size of the tumor is ranked how?
0-4.
95
N or presence of lymph node metastases is ranked how?
0-4.
96
How is carcinoma in situ reported?
TisN0M0
97
M or metastases of tumors is ranked how?
0-1. 1 if present and 0 if not present.
98
How many tumor overall stage groups are there?
0, I, II, III, IV.
99
What will stage 0 mean?
Carcinoma in situ (situated in original position).
100
what will stage I mean?
Cancers are localized to one part of the body. Often don't have outward symptoms.
101
What will stage II mean?
Cancer is locally advanced and lymph nodes on only ONE SIDE of the diaphragm are affected
102
What will stage III mean?
Lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm are affected
103
What will stage IV mean?
Cancers have spread to other organs or throughout the body.
104
How many tumor grading levels are there?
I, II, III.
105
Tumor Grade I is what?
well differentiated.
106
Tumor grade II is what?
Moderately well differentiated.
107
Tumor grade III is what?
Undifferentiated.
108
Which method of classifying tumors is more predictive in value - staging or grading?
Staging.
109
The difference between normal and malignant cells is mostly what?
Quantitative.
110
What type of cells are less differentiated?
Cancer cells.
111
What type of cells are more adapt to survive under unfavorable conditions?
Cancer cells.
112
Why are cancer cells more adapted to survive in unfavorable conditions?
They require less oxygen to survive.
113
What will cancer cells contain less of?
Mitochondria, RER, specialized enzymes.
114
Why will cancer cells contain less Mitocondria, RER, and specialized enzymes?
They are less differentiated and don't complete a normal function and therefore don't need to maximize energy production.
115
Tumor cells may acquire embryonic/fetal features due to what?
tumor cell regression.
116
What is fetal protein (alpha-fetoprotein)?
A product of fetal hepatocytes.
117
What is fetal protein in adults a marker for and why?
A marker for a tumor because the tumor cell regressed into making a fetal protein.
118
Where are embryonic glycoproteins (carcinoembryonic antigen - CEA) made at?
by large intestine adenocarcinoma and normal fetal intestines.
119
What is contact inhibition?
Cells stop replicating because there is no room
120
Do cancer cells have contact inhibition?
NO
121
How often can cancer cells be passaged from one flask to another in vitro?
Indefinitely (immortal). (normal cells can only be done about 30 times)
122
Can normal cells grow in soft agar and roller bottles?
No, but cancer cells can.
123
Do cancer cells need growth factors?
No because they are dependent on autocrine stimulation.
124
What are 2 causes of cancer generally?
1. Exogenous 2. Endogenous.
125
Biologic exogenous cause of cancer?
Virus.
126
Name 2 types of endogenous causes of cancer?
1. Oncogenes. 2. Tumor suppressor genes.
127
Name 5 major chemical carcinogens?
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines, steroid hormones, metals and inorganic compounds.
128
Where will polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons come from?
Tobacco tar.
129
How can we get cancer from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and what type of cancer will it cause?
Inhalation- Carcinoma of lungs, Skin contact- Skin cancer, Metabolic- Liver cancer.
130
Where will aromatic amines come from? How will it cause cancer, and what type?
From dye and rubber industry, it is excreted in urine and causes bladder cancer.
131
Where will nitrosamines come from? How will they cause cancer, and what type?
From food additives (smoked food), it is a bacterial conversion in the gut and it leads to intestinal cancer.
132
Where will Steroid hormones come from? How will they cause cancer and what type?
Ovary/adrenal, from stimulation of endometrium, causes endometrial carcinoma.
133
Where will Metals and organic compounds come from? How will they cause cancer and what type?
Pesticides, from skin contact, skin cancer, AND ore, from inhalation, nasal cancer.
134
Aflatoxins come from what?
Mold. (Aspergillus - common in peanuts)
135
What is aflatoxins' mode of action to cause cancer?
Ingestion/metabolism.
136
What type of cancer will aflatoxins cause?
Liver.
137
Where will asbestos come from? How will it cause cancer and what type?
Industrial, inhalation, lung.
138
Where will CCL4 come from? How will it cause cancer and what type?
dry cleaning, solvent, refrigerant; contact; liver cancer.
139
Where will Vinyl chloride come from? How will it cause cancer and what type?
Many sources, inhalation, Liver.
140
85% of aniline derivatives are used to make what?
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) which is used to make POLYURETHANE.
141
What is 3rd hand smoke?
Chemicals will remain on areas that smoke touches, like clothes, and anything it gets on, like houses.
142
Chemical carcinogens are absorbed in what form?
Procarcinogen.
143
What happens to procarcinogens?
They are transformed into the active carcinogen.
144
What are the 5 steps that carcinogen undergoes?
1. Initiation. 2. Promotion. 3. Conversion. 4. Progression. 5. Clonal expansion.
145
What will initiation of carcinogenesis do?
Cause irreversible genetic changes.
146
What is promotion of carcinogenesis?
Stimulation to proliferate (by promoters).
147
What is conversion of carcinogenesis?
New cell type able to self proliferate. (eg intestinal polyps)
148
What is progression of carcinogenesis?
acquisition of new genetic feature. (not stopped by carcinogen/promoter removal)
149
What is clonal expansion of carcinogenesis?
identical and divergent reproduction of tumor cells
150
What type of carcinogen would UV light, X-rays, radioactive isotopes and atomic bombs be called?
Physical carcinogens.
151
When UV light damages DNA what usually happens?
It is repaired.
152
Unrepaired DNA that was damaged by UV light can cause what?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.
153
Where is cancer from UV light prevalent at?
Southern US and Australia.
154
What is shistosoma haematobium?
A parasite that acts as a urinary bladder carcinogen.
155
What is opisthorchis sinesis?
A chinese live fluke that acts as a bile duct and liver carcinogen.
156
How can a virus cause cancer in DNA?
It integrates in the DNA.
157
What is transduction (in viral carcinogens)?
acute transforming RNA viruses that form cellular oncogenes.
158
What is insertion (in viral carcinogens)?
Slow transforming oncogenic RNA viruses; insert into the genome and activate a latent cellular oncogene, which is then capable of transforming the normal cell into a malignant cell.
159
What is human papilloma virus aka HPV, and what are the 2 types?
Invasive cervical carcinoma types 16, 18.
160
What neoplasias can Epstein-Barr virus cause?
Burkitt's lymphoma (B cell neoplasia), nasopharangeal carcinoma.
161
Hepatitis B and C viruses are what type of carcinogen?
Liver.
162
Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with what?
HIV/aids, herpsesvirus.
163
What type of carcinogen is Kaposi's sarcoma?
Skin cancer.
164
Examples of RNA viruses that are carcinogenic?
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1), Adult T cell leukemia (is in HIV group).
165
What are the 2 types of human oncogenes?
viral and cellular.
166
What is an oncogene?
A gene that is the cause of cancer.
167
An oncogene has gained what?
function - becomes a cancer-inducing agent.
168
How many alleles need to be damaged for a gene to become an oncogene?
only 1.
169
A proto-oncogene transformes into an oncogene by going through what 4 steps?
1. point mutation. 2. Gene amplification. 3. Chromosomal rearrangement. 4. Insertion of viral oncogene.
170
How will the MYC oncogene be activated in Burkitt's lymphoma?
8 switches with 14.
171
What gene is associated with CML?
abl.
172
What gene is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma?
c-myc
173
What gene is associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas?
bcl-2
174
What gene is associated with breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas?
erb-B2
175
What gene is associated with colon cancer?
ras.
176
What gene is associated with a lung tumor?
L-myc
177
What gene is associated with neuroblastoma?
N-myc
178
What gene is associated with hereditary papillary renal cancer?
met
179
What gene is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III?
ret
180
What gene is associated with GI stromal tumor?
c-kit.
181
What do tumor suppressor genes do?
Protect cells against activated or newly acquired oncogenes.
182
What happens when a tumor suppressor gene has lost function?
it is no longer a cancer-inhibiting agent.
183
With tumor suppressor genes, how many alleles must be lost for expression of disease?
Both.
184
2 of the best known tumor suppressor genes?
p53, retinoblastoma gene (rb-1).
185
Retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1) protects against what?
eye cancer.
186
p53 protects against what type of tumor?
Numerous, including breast and colon.
187
What type of tumor suppressor genes protect against neurofibromatosis 1 and 2?
NF-1 and NF-2.
188
Wilms tumor (kidney) is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
WT-1.
189
Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (intestine) is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
APC.
190
Breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
BRCA1
191
Breast carcinoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
BRCA2
192
Melanoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
p16
193
pancreatic cancer is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
DPC
194
Colon cancer is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?
DCC
195
What is the generic way of naming Tumor suppressor genes?
D___ C. stands for deleted __name of area___ cancer
196
Name 5 types of hereditary cancers?
1. Neurofibromatosis type I. 2. Familial adenomatous polyposis coli. 3. Wilms tumor. 4. skin tumors in xeroderma pigmentosum. 5. Chromosomal fragility syndromes.
197
What does TNF do?
Activates white blood cells.
198
What do some tumors do under the influence of immune factors?
Involute spontaneously.
199
What is used for treatment of bladder cancer?
BCG (attenuated tuberculosis bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)
200
Tumor vaccines are used for treatment of what type of carcinomas?
Melanoma and renal cells.
201
Tumor antigens may be used for what?
as tumor markers.
202
What should tumor markers be used for?
To confirm a diagnosis, monitor for tumor recurrence, and to monitor therapy. NOT as primary tool for diagnosis
203
What is the tumor marker used to screen for prostate carcinoma?
PSA or Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
204
What is the tumor marker used to screen for colorectal and pancreatic cancer?
CEA
205
What does CEA stand for?
Carcinoembryonic antigen
206
What is the tumor marker used to screen for hepatocellular carcinomas or nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis?
alpha-fetoprotein
207
What is the tumor marker used to screen for hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors?
Beta-hCG
208
What is the tumor marker used to screen for ovarian, and malignant epithelial tumors?
CA-125
209
What is the tumor marker used to screen for melanoma, neural tumors, and astrocytomas?
S-100.
210
What is the tumor marker used to screen for metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone?
alkaline phosphatase.
211
What is the tumor marker used to screen for neuroblastoma, lung, and gastric cancer?
Bombesin.
212
What is the tumor marker used to screen for hairy cell leukemia (B-cell neoplasm)?
TRAP (Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)
213
What is the tumor marker used to screen for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
CA-19-9
214
What are the 2 types of clinical manifestations of neoplasia?
Local and Systemic
215
What is the tumor marker used to screen for thyroid cancers?
Tg (thyroglobulin)
216
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
Systemic manifestations of neoplasia
217
What paraneoplastic syndrome is caused by small-cell carcinoma of the lung?
Cushing's syndrome
218
What paraneoplastic syndrome is caused by renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma?
Polycythemia
219
What paraneoplastic syndrome is caused by small-cell carcinoma of the lung and intracranial neoplasms?
SIADH
220
Leukemias and lymphomas cause what type of paraneoplastic syndrome?
gout, urate nephropathy.
221
Hypercalcemia is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by what types of cancers?
squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, breast, renal
222
A venous thrombosis is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by what type of cancer?
pancreatic
223
What type of cancer causes a paraneoplastic syndrome of myasthenia gravis?
Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
224
What type of cancer causes a paraneoplastic syndrome of Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?
Small cell carcinoma of lung
225
What are the 7 warning signals of cancer?
CAUTION= Change in bowel or bladder habits, A sore that doesn't heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart or mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness.
226
What are the 6 factors that determine clinical features of tumors?
1. Type of tumor 2. Location 3. Histologic grade 4. Clinical stage 5. Immune status of host 6. Sensitivity of tumor to therapy
227
Psammos means what?
Sand
228
How are psammoma bodies seen?
with a microscope.
229
Psammoma bodies are seen with several cancers and appear as what?
Laminated, concentric calcific spherules.
230
psammoma bodies are though to arise from what?
infarction and calcification of papillae tips. And calcification of intralymphatic tumor thrombi.
231
Deaths from lung cancer is on the rise or fall for males and females.
Plateaued in males and is rising for females.
232
What is the first and second leading cause of death in the USA?
1. Heart disease. 2. Cancer.
233
What is incidence?
The number of new cases that have been registered over a specific time in a defined population
234
What is prevalence?
All cases, new and old, within a defined population at a defined time.
235
What is mortality?
Deaths attributed to cancer during a specified period in a defined population
236
What is the most important risk factor for lung cancer?
Smoking
237
What is the most common initial symptom of lung cancer?
Cough
238
What is the most common symptom of colon cancer?
Blood in stool
239
What is the most important risk factor for colon cancer?
Family Hx of colonic polyps
240
What is the most common symptom of breast cancer?
Lump
241
What is the most important risk factor for breast cancer?
Family Hx
242
What is the most common sign of cervical cancer?
Vaginal bleeding.
243
What is the most important risk factor with cervical cancer?
Promiscuity (early intercourse, multiple partners)
244
What is the most common sign of uterine cancer?
Vaginal bleeding
245
What is the most important risk factor for uterine cancer?
Hormonal: imbalance and treatment
246
What is the most important risk factor for skin cancer?
Sun exposure
247
What is the most common symptom of skin cancer?
Skin lesion
248
What is the most important risk factor for prostate cancer?
Old age
249
What is the most common symptom of prostate cancer?
Dysuria
250
What types of cancer have the most incidence (New cases) among Males and Females (top 3)?
Males- 1. Prostate 2. Lung. 3. Colon. Females- 1. Breast. 2. Lung. 3. Colon.
251
For males and females, what types of cancers have the highest mortality rate (top 3)?
Males- 1. Lung. 2. Prostate. 3. Colon/rectum. Females- 1. Lung. 2. Breast. 3. Colon/rectum
252
Cancers often metastasis to what 4 areas?
liver, lung, brain, bone.
253
What does metastasis indicate?
Poor prognosis
254
Are metastases or primary tumors more common in the liver?
Metastases much more common
255
What are the most common sites of metastasis after the regional lymph nodes?
Liver and lung
256
List the tumors that metastasize to the liver in order of highest to lowest?
colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung.
257
What has the highest mortality of all cancers?
Metastases to the lung
258
Primary tumors that metastasize to lung (highest to lowest)?
Breast cancer, GI, Kidney, Melanoma, Sarcomas, Lymphomas, Leukemias, Germ cell tumors, Ovarian (rarely)
259
What percentage of brain tumors are from metastasis?
50%
260
How do brain tumors typically appear?
Multiple well circumscribed tumors at gray/white border
261
Primary tumors that metastasize to brain?
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
262
Are metastases or primary tumors more common in the bone?
Metastatic bone tumors are far more common than primary bone tumors
263
What are the most common metastases from in bone?
Breast and prostate cancers
264
Primary tumors that metastasize to bone?
Prostate, Breast, Thyroid, Testes, Lung, Kidney
