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Pathology 1 > Ch. 7 - Neoplasia > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth.

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2
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Formation of masses.

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3
Q

What is Cancer?

A

tissue invasion, appearance like crawling crab.

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4
Q

What is oncology?

A

The branch of science dealing with neoplasia.

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5
Q

What is a carcinoma in situ?

A

“in it’s place” - usually before basement membrane penetration

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6
Q

Will a tumor always be a neoplasia?

A

yes.

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7
Q

Is a neoplasia always a tumor?

A

No.

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8
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells.

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9
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

1 adult cell type is replaced by another.

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10
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape. Commonly preneoplastic

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11
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

An IRREVERSIBLE abnormal cell lacking differentiation.

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12
Q

What is irreversible neoplasia?

A

a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive.

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13
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

IRREVERSIBLE fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.

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14
Q

What are the 2 clinical classifications of tumors?

A
  1. Benign 2. Malignant
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15
Q

Benign vs malignant - growth?

A

Benign = slow, expansive Malignant = Fast, invasive

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16
Q

Does a tumor have to have metastases to be malignant?

A

NO

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17
Q

Which type of tumor has metastases (transfer to other parts of the body)?

A

Malignant.

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18
Q

What is the external surface of benign and malignant tumors?

A

Benign- smooth, malignant- irregular.

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19
Q

What type of tumor will have a capsule?

A

Benign.

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20
Q

What type of tumor will show necrosis?

A

Malignant.

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21
Q

What type of tumor will have hemorrhage?

A

Malignant.

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22
Q

Tumors can get up to how big before they need a new blood supply?

A

10mm.

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23
Q

How will large tumors get new blood supply?

A

They release chemotaxic factors that induce angiogenesis.

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24
Q

What will the benign and malignant tumors look like microscopically?

A

Benign- look like normal tissue of origin. Malignant- does not resemble normal tissue of origin.

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25
Q

What will benign and malignant tumor CELLS look like microscopically?

A

Benign- well differentiated. Malignant- poorly differentiated.

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26
Q

What will benign and malignant tumor cell nuclei look like microscopically?

A

Benign- normal size and shape also uniform. Malignant- variable shape (Pleomorphic).

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27
Q

What will tumor cells mitoses be like for benign and malignant tumors?

A

Benign- few. Malignant- Many and irregular.

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28
Q

How many normal chromosomes do we have?

A

23 pairs.

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29
Q

what do we look for in a vaginal smear?

A

Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio.

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30
Q

What does metastasis mean?

A

Change positions.

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31
Q

What are the 4 main pathways of metastasis?

A
  1. Lymphatics. 2. Blood. 3. Seeding surface of body cavity (transcoelomic spread). 4. Intraepitheilal.
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32
Q

What is the first step in the metastatic cascade?

A

a primary tumor.

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33
Q

What is the second step in the metastatic cascade?

A

Metastatic clone evolves (mutation w/in cancer cells)

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34
Q

What is the third step in the metastatic cascade?

A

Proliferation of the clone and invasion of vessel.

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35
Q

What is the 4th step in the metastatic cascade?

A

Transport by circulation.

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36
Q

What is the 5th step in the metastatic cascade?

A

Emboilization (getting caught).

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37
Q

Where wil embolization most commonly take place?

A

At areas where blood vessels get narrower - commonly lungs

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38
Q

What is the 6th step in the metastatic cascade?

A

Invasion

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39
Q

What is the 7th step in the metastatic cascade?

A

New tumor formation at the site of metastasis.

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40
Q

What is a clone?

A

A distinct subpopulation.

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41
Q

What is transcoelomic spread?

A

Direct seeding of a cavity by neoplastic cells within that cavity.

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42
Q

What is the biological role of tumor-induced angiogenesis?

A

TO overcome limitations of nutrient and oxygen delivery.

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43
Q

Why is transcoelomic spread bad?

A

There is no plane of resistance to spreading - direct seeding

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44
Q

What is intraepithelial spread?

A

Tumor cells infiltrate between cells of normal epithelium WITHOUT invading underlying stroma

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45
Q

What is the best example of intraepithelial spread?

A

Paget’s disease of the nipple

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46
Q

What does Paget’s disease of the nipple start as?

A

INTRADUCTAL carcinoma within the breast

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47
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Cells of ductal carcinoma in situ grow into the nipple skin - resembles eczema

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48
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

cells of mesodermal origin that are capable of developing into connective tissues, blood, and lymphatic and blood vessels.

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49
Q

Mesenchymal tumors are named how (both benign and malignant?

A

Benign- use cell of origin + oma. Malignant- cell of origin + sarcoma

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50
Q

Epithelial tumors are named how (both benign and malignant?

A

Benign- use terms like adenoma and papilloma. Malignant- use carcinoma.

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51
Q

Carcinoma implies what?

A

Epithelial origin but malignant

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52
Q

Sarcoma implies what?

A

It is of mesenchymal origin but malignant.

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53
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of fibroblast cells be called?

A

B- Fibroma. M- Fibrosarcoma.

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54
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of fat cells be called?

A

B- Lipoma M- Liposarcoma.

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55
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of blood vessels?

A

B- hemangioma. M- Hemangiosarcoma.

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56
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells?

A

B- Leiomyoma. M- Leiomyosarcoma.

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57
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of striated muscle be called?

A

B- rhadbomyoma. M- Rhabdomyosarcoma.

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58
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of bone be called?

A

B- osteoma. M- osteosarcoma

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59
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of cartilage cells be called?

A

B- Chondroma. M- Condrosacroma.

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60
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of squamous skin cells be called?

A

B- Epithelioma. M- Squamous cell carcinoma.

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61
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of transitional epithelium be called?

A

B-Transitional cell papiloma. M- transitional cell carcinoma.

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62
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of glandular ducts in epithelium be called?

A

B- adneoma. M- adenocarcinoma.

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63
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of neuroendocrine cells be called?

A

B- carcinoid. M- oat cell carcinoma.

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64
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of Liver cells?

A

B- liver cell adenoma. M- Liver cell carcinoma.

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65
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of kidney cells be called?

A

B- renal cell adenoma. M- renal cell carcinoma.

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66
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of white blood cells?

A

No benign. M- luekemia.

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67
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of lymphoid cells?

A

No benign. M- Lymphoma.

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68
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of plasma cells?

A

No benign. M- multiple myeloma.

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69
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of neuroblasts be called?

A

B- ganglioneuroma. M- Neuroblastoma.

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70
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of glial cells?

A

No benign. M- Glioma.

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71
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of meningeal cells?

A

B- menigioma. No malignant.

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72
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of schwann cells be called?

A

B- Schwannoma. M- Malignant schwannoma.

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73
Q

What would a benign and malignant tumor of embryonic cells be called?

A

B- teratoma. M- Teratocarcinoma.

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74
Q

What will adenoma of colon look like microscopically?

A

Uniform appearance. (as opposed to malignant)

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75
Q

What does sarcoma look like grossly?

A

“Flesh-like” appearance.

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76
Q

What will sarcoma look like microscopically?

A

Elongated cells that resemble fibroblast.

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77
Q

What will carcinoma look like microscopically?

A

Neoplastic cells are surrounded by non-specific stroma.

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78
Q

What will squamous cell carcinoma look like microscopically?

A

Solid cell nests that show central keratinization

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79
Q

What will adenocarcinoma look like microscopically?

A

Neoplastic glands

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80
Q

What will renal cell carcinoma look like in a nephrectomy?

A

Spongy yellowish.

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81
Q

What type of tumor is a blastoma?

A

Malignant tumors composed of embryonic cells from embryonic primordia.

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82
Q

What type of a tumor is a teratoma?

A

They are derived from germ cells and contain mixed tissues from all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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83
Q

Teratoma is the benign form what is the malignant form?

A

Teratocarcinoma.

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84
Q

What are eponymic tumors?

A

They have the names of the doctors that discovered them.

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85
Q

What is Hodgkin’s disease?

A

An eponymic tumor of the lymph nodes.

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86
Q

What is Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

An eponymic tumor of the bones.

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87
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

An eponymic tumor of the skin.

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88
Q

What should be looked for with Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Pathologically related to AIDS - indicates something wrong with immune system

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89
Q

What are the different ways to classify tumors?

A

Grading and staging.

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90
Q

What are the different ways of staging tumors?

A

TNM, Overall stage groupings.

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91
Q

Tumor staging is based on what?

A

Clinical assessment during GROSS examination as to the extent of SPREAD.

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92
Q

Tumor grades are based on what?

A

Histologic examination.

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93
Q

What does TNM stand for?

A

T- size of the tumor. N- presence of lymph Node metastases. M- Distant metastases.

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94
Q

The T or size of the tumor is ranked how?

A

0-4.

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95
Q

N or presence of lymph node metastases is ranked how?

A

0-4.

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96
Q

How is carcinoma in situ reported?

A

TisN0M0

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97
Q

M or metastases of tumors is ranked how?

A

0-1. 1 if present and 0 if not present.

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98
Q

How many tumor overall stage groups are there?

A

0, I, II, III, IV.

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99
Q

What will stage 0 mean?

A

Carcinoma in situ (situated in original position).

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100
Q

what will stage I mean?

A

Cancers are localized to one part of the body. Often don’t have outward symptoms.

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101
Q

What will stage II mean?

A

Cancer is locally advanced and lymph nodes on only ONE SIDE of the diaphragm are affected

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102
Q

What will stage III mean?

A

Lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm are affected

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103
Q

What will stage IV mean?

A

Cancers have spread to other organs or throughout the body.

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104
Q

How many tumor grading levels are there?

A

I, II, III.

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105
Q

Tumor Grade I is what?

A

well differentiated.

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106
Q

Tumor grade II is what?

A

Moderately well differentiated.

107
Q

Tumor grade III is what?

A

Undifferentiated.

108
Q

Which method of classifying tumors is more predictive in value - staging or grading?

A

Staging.

109
Q

The difference between normal and malignant cells is mostly what?

A

Quantitative.

110
Q

What type of cells are less differentiated?

A

Cancer cells.

111
Q

What type of cells are more adapt to survive under unfavorable conditions?

A

Cancer cells.

112
Q

Why are cancer cells more adapted to survive in unfavorable conditions?

A

They require less oxygen to survive.

113
Q

What will cancer cells contain less of?

A

Mitochondria, RER, specialized enzymes.

114
Q

Why will cancer cells contain less Mitocondria, RER, and specialized enzymes?

A

They are less differentiated and don’t complete a normal function and therefore don’t need to maximize energy production.

115
Q

Tumor cells may acquire embryonic/fetal features due to what?

A

tumor cell regression.

116
Q

What is fetal protein (alpha-fetoprotein)?

A

A product of fetal hepatocytes.

117
Q

What is fetal protein in adults a marker for and why?

A

A marker for a tumor because the tumor cell regressed into making a fetal protein.

118
Q

Where are embryonic glycoproteins (carcinoembryonic antigen - CEA) made at?

A

by large intestine adenocarcinoma and normal fetal intestines.

119
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

Cells stop replicating because there is no room

120
Q

Do cancer cells have contact inhibition?

A

NO

121
Q

How often can cancer cells be passaged from one flask to another in vitro?

A

Indefinitely (immortal). (normal cells can only be done about 30 times)

122
Q

Can normal cells grow in soft agar and roller bottles?

A

No, but cancer cells can.

123
Q

Do cancer cells need growth factors?

A

No because they are dependent on autocrine stimulation.

124
Q

What are 2 causes of cancer generally?

A
  1. Exogenous 2. Endogenous.
125
Q

Biologic exogenous cause of cancer?

A

Virus.

126
Q

Name 2 types of endogenous causes of cancer?

A
  1. Oncogenes. 2. Tumor suppressor genes.
127
Q

Name 5 major chemical carcinogens?

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines, steroid hormones, metals and inorganic compounds.

128
Q

Where will polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons come from?

A

Tobacco tar.

129
Q

How can we get cancer from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and what type of cancer will it cause?

A

Inhalation- Carcinoma of lungs, Skin contact- Skin cancer, Metabolic- Liver cancer.

130
Q

Where will aromatic amines come from? How will it cause cancer, and what type?

A

From dye and rubber industry, it is excreted in urine and causes bladder cancer.

131
Q

Where will nitrosamines come from? How will they cause cancer, and what type?

A

From food additives (smoked food), it is a bacterial conversion in the gut and it leads to intestinal cancer.

132
Q

Where will Steroid hormones come from? How will they cause cancer and what type?

A

Ovary/adrenal, from stimulation of endometrium, causes endometrial carcinoma.

133
Q

Where will Metals and organic compounds come from? How will they cause cancer and what type?

A

Pesticides, from skin contact, skin cancer, AND ore, from inhalation, nasal cancer.

134
Q

Aflatoxins come from what?

A

Mold. (Aspergillus - common in peanuts)

135
Q

What is aflatoxins’ mode of action to cause cancer?

A

Ingestion/metabolism.

136
Q

What type of cancer will aflatoxins cause?

A

Liver.

137
Q

Where will asbestos come from? How will it cause cancer and what type?

A

Industrial, inhalation, lung.

138
Q

Where will CCL4 come from? How will it cause cancer and what type?

A

dry cleaning, solvent, refrigerant; contact; liver cancer.

139
Q

Where will Vinyl chloride come from? How will it cause cancer and what type?

A

Many sources, inhalation, Liver.

140
Q

85% of aniline derivatives are used to make what?

A

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) which is used to make POLYURETHANE.

141
Q

What is 3rd hand smoke?

A

Chemicals will remain on areas that smoke touches, like clothes, and anything it gets on, like houses.

142
Q

Chemical carcinogens are absorbed in what form?

A

Procarcinogen.

143
Q

What happens to procarcinogens?

A

They are transformed into the active carcinogen.

144
Q

What are the 5 steps that carcinogen undergoes?

A
  1. Initiation. 2. Promotion. 3. Conversion. 4. Progression. 5. Clonal expansion.
145
Q

What will initiation of carcinogenesis do?

A

Cause irreversible genetic changes.

146
Q

What is promotion of carcinogenesis?

A

Stimulation to proliferate (by promoters).

147
Q

What is conversion of carcinogenesis?

A

New cell type able to self proliferate. (eg intestinal polyps)

148
Q

What is progression of carcinogenesis?

A

acquisition of new genetic feature. (not stopped by carcinogen/promoter removal)

149
Q

What is clonal expansion of carcinogenesis?

A

identical and divergent reproduction of tumor cells

150
Q

What type of carcinogen would UV light, X-rays, radioactive isotopes and atomic bombs be called?

A

Physical carcinogens.

151
Q

When UV light damages DNA what usually happens?

A

It is repaired.

152
Q

Unrepaired DNA that was damaged by UV light can cause what?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.

153
Q

Where is cancer from UV light prevalent at?

A

Southern US and Australia.

154
Q

What is shistosoma haematobium?

A

A parasite that acts as a urinary bladder carcinogen.

155
Q

What is opisthorchis sinesis?

A

A chinese live fluke that acts as a bile duct and liver carcinogen.

156
Q

How can a virus cause cancer in DNA?

A

It integrates in the DNA.

157
Q

What is transduction (in viral carcinogens)?

A

acute transforming RNA viruses that form cellular oncogenes.

158
Q

What is insertion (in viral carcinogens)?

A

Slow transforming oncogenic RNA viruses; insert into the genome and activate a latent cellular oncogene, which is then capable of transforming the normal cell into a malignant cell.

159
Q

What is human papilloma virus aka HPV, and what are the 2 types?

A

Invasive cervical carcinoma types 16, 18.

160
Q

What neoplasias can Epstein-Barr virus cause?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (B cell neoplasia), nasopharangeal carcinoma.

161
Q

Hepatitis B and C viruses are what type of carcinogen?

A

Liver.

162
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma is associated with what?

A

HIV/aids, herpsesvirus.

163
Q

What type of carcinogen is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Skin cancer.

164
Q

Examples of RNA viruses that are carcinogenic?

A

Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1), Adult T cell leukemia (is in HIV group).

165
Q

What are the 2 types of human oncogenes?

A

viral and cellular.

166
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A gene that is the cause of cancer.

167
Q

An oncogene has gained what?

A

function - becomes a cancer-inducing agent.

168
Q

How many alleles need to be damaged for a gene to become an oncogene?

A

only 1.

169
Q

A proto-oncogene transformes into an oncogene by going through what 4 steps?

A
  1. point mutation. 2. Gene amplification. 3. Chromosomal rearrangement. 4. Insertion of viral oncogene.
170
Q

How will the MYC oncogene be activated in Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

8 switches with 14.

171
Q

What gene is associated with CML?

A

abl.

172
Q

What gene is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

c-myc

173
Q

What gene is associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas?

A

bcl-2

174
Q

What gene is associated with breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas?

A

erb-B2

175
Q

What gene is associated with colon cancer?

A

ras.

176
Q

What gene is associated with a lung tumor?

A

L-myc

177
Q

What gene is associated with neuroblastoma?

A

N-myc

178
Q

What gene is associated with hereditary papillary renal cancer?

A

met

179
Q

What gene is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III?

A

ret

180
Q

What gene is associated with GI stromal tumor?

A

c-kit.

181
Q

What do tumor suppressor genes do?

A

Protect cells against activated or newly acquired oncogenes.

182
Q

What happens when a tumor suppressor gene has lost function?

A

it is no longer a cancer-inhibiting agent.

183
Q

With tumor suppressor genes, how many alleles must be lost for expression of disease?

A

Both.

184
Q

2 of the best known tumor suppressor genes?

A

p53, retinoblastoma gene (rb-1).

185
Q

Retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1) protects against what?

A

eye cancer.

186
Q

p53 protects against what type of tumor?

A

Numerous, including breast and colon.

187
Q

What type of tumor suppressor genes protect against neurofibromatosis 1 and 2?

A

NF-1 and NF-2.

188
Q

Wilms tumor (kidney) is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

WT-1.

189
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (intestine) is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

APC.

190
Q

Breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

BRCA1

191
Q

Breast carcinoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

BRCA2

192
Q

Melanoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

p16

193
Q

pancreatic cancer is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

DPC

194
Q

Colon cancer is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?

A

DCC

195
Q

What is the generic way of naming Tumor suppressor genes?

A

D___ C. stands for deleted __name of area___ cancer

196
Q

Name 5 types of hereditary cancers?

A
  1. Neurofibromatosis type I. 2. Familial adenomatous polyposis coli. 3. Wilms tumor. 4. skin tumors in xeroderma pigmentosum. 5. Chromosomal fragility syndromes.
197
Q

What does TNF do?

A

Activates white blood cells.

198
Q

What do some tumors do under the influence of immune factors?

A

Involute spontaneously.

199
Q

What is used for treatment of bladder cancer?

A

BCG (attenuated tuberculosis bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)

200
Q

Tumor vaccines are used for treatment of what type of carcinomas?

A

Melanoma and renal cells.

201
Q

Tumor antigens may be used for what?

A

as tumor markers.

202
Q

What should tumor markers be used for?

A

To confirm a diagnosis, monitor for tumor recurrence, and to monitor therapy. NOT as primary tool for diagnosis

203
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for prostate carcinoma?

A

PSA or Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

204
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for colorectal and pancreatic cancer?

A

CEA

205
Q

What does CEA stand for?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen

206
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for hepatocellular carcinomas or nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis?

A

alpha-fetoprotein

207
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors?

A

Beta-hCG

208
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for ovarian, and malignant epithelial tumors?

A

CA-125

209
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for melanoma, neural tumors, and astrocytomas?

A

S-100.

210
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget’s disease of bone?

A

alkaline phosphatase.

211
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for neuroblastoma, lung, and gastric cancer?

A

Bombesin.

212
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for hairy cell leukemia (B-cell neoplasm)?

A

TRAP (Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)

213
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

A

CA-19-9

214
Q

What are the 2 types of clinical manifestations of neoplasia?

A

Local and Systemic

215
Q

What is the tumor marker used to screen for thyroid cancers?

A

Tg (thyroglobulin)

216
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Systemic manifestations of neoplasia

217
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome is caused by small-cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

218
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome is caused by renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma?

A

Polycythemia

219
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome is caused by small-cell carcinoma of the lung and intracranial neoplasms?

A

SIADH

220
Q

Leukemias and lymphomas cause what type of paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

gout, urate nephropathy.

221
Q

Hypercalcemia is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by what types of cancers?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, breast, renal

222
Q

A venous thrombosis is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by what type of cancer?

A

pancreatic

223
Q

What type of cancer causes a paraneoplastic syndrome of myasthenia gravis?

A

Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma

224
Q

What type of cancer causes a paraneoplastic syndrome of Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?

A

Small cell carcinoma of lung

225
Q

What are the 7 warning signals of cancer?

A

CAUTION= Change in bowel or bladder habits, A sore that doesn’t heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart or mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness.

226
Q

What are the 6 factors that determine clinical features of tumors?

A
  1. Type of tumor 2. Location 3. Histologic grade 4. Clinical stage 5. Immune status of host 6. Sensitivity of tumor to therapy
227
Q

Psammos means what?

A

Sand

228
Q

How are psammoma bodies seen?

A

with a microscope.

229
Q

Psammoma bodies are seen with several cancers and appear as what?

A

Laminated, concentric calcific spherules.

230
Q

psammoma bodies are though to arise from what?

A

infarction and calcification of papillae tips. And calcification of intralymphatic tumor thrombi.

231
Q

Deaths from lung cancer is on the rise or fall for males and females.

A

Plateaued in males and is rising for females.

232
Q

What is the first and second leading cause of death in the USA?

A
  1. Heart disease. 2. Cancer.
233
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of new cases that have been registered over a specific time in a defined population

234
Q

What is prevalence?

A

All cases, new and old, within a defined population at a defined time.

235
Q

What is mortality?

A

Deaths attributed to cancer during a specified period in a defined population

236
Q

What is the most important risk factor for lung cancer?

A

Smoking

237
Q

What is the most common initial symptom of lung cancer?

A

Cough

238
Q

What is the most common symptom of colon cancer?

A

Blood in stool

239
Q

What is the most important risk factor for colon cancer?

A

Family Hx of colonic polyps

240
Q

What is the most common symptom of breast cancer?

A

Lump

241
Q

What is the most important risk factor for breast cancer?

A

Family Hx

242
Q

What is the most common sign of cervical cancer?

A

Vaginal bleeding.

243
Q

What is the most important risk factor with cervical cancer?

A

Promiscuity (early intercourse, multiple partners)

244
Q

What is the most common sign of uterine cancer?

A

Vaginal bleeding

245
Q

What is the most important risk factor for uterine cancer?

A

Hormonal: imbalance and treatment

246
Q

What is the most important risk factor for skin cancer?

A

Sun exposure

247
Q

What is the most common symptom of skin cancer?

A

Skin lesion

248
Q

What is the most important risk factor for prostate cancer?

A

Old age

249
Q

What is the most common symptom of prostate cancer?

A

Dysuria

250
Q

What types of cancer have the most incidence (New cases) among Males and Females (top 3)?

A

Males- 1. Prostate 2. Lung. 3. Colon. Females- 1. Breast. 2. Lung. 3. Colon.

251
Q

For males and females, what types of cancers have the highest mortality rate (top 3)?

A

Males- 1. Lung. 2. Prostate. 3. Colon/rectum. Females- 1. Lung. 2. Breast. 3. Colon/rectum

252
Q

Cancers often metastasis to what 4 areas?

A

liver, lung, brain, bone.

253
Q

What does metastasis indicate?

A

Poor prognosis

254
Q

Are metastases or primary tumors more common in the liver?

A

Metastases much more common

255
Q

What are the most common sites of metastasis after the regional lymph nodes?

A

Liver and lung

256
Q

List the tumors that metastasize to the liver in order of highest to lowest?

A

colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung.

257
Q

What has the highest mortality of all cancers?

A

Metastases to the lung

258
Q

Primary tumors that metastasize to lung (highest to lowest)?

A

Breast cancer, GI, Kidney, Melanoma, Sarcomas, Lymphomas, Leukemias, Germ cell tumors, Ovarian (rarely)

259
Q

What percentage of brain tumors are from metastasis?

A

50%

260
Q

How do brain tumors typically appear?

A

Multiple well circumscribed tumors at gray/white border

261
Q

Primary tumors that metastasize to brain?

A

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI

262
Q

Are metastases or primary tumors more common in the bone?

A

Metastatic bone tumors are far more common than primary bone tumors

263
Q

What are the most common metastases from in bone?

A

Breast and prostate cancers

264
Q

Primary tumors that metastasize to bone?

A

Prostate, Breast, Thyroid, Testes, Lung, Kidney

Pathology 1 (6 decks)

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