Ch. 7: Metamorphic Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Processes of metamorphism

A

Protolith → metamorphic rock

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2
Q

Recrystallization

A

Original grain boundaries migrate into a new mosaic
pattern
Tiny clasts to large grains

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3
Q

Neocrystallization

A

Driven mostly by elevated T; NEW metamorphic
minerals (porphyroblasts) may grow:
Clay and quartz to quartz garnet and mica

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4
Q

Causes of metamorphism

A

Heat
Pressure
Directed pressure

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5
Q

Heat

A

produced by geothermal gradient (~25°C/km) and intrusions;

metamorphic T between 200° and ~ 800°C

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6
Q

Pressure

A

due to burial: geobaric gradient, 300 bars (or 0.3 kb) per kilometer

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7
Q

If a rock has experienced 3 kbars of pressure, how deeply was it buried?

A

10

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8
Q

Directed pressure

A

stress; produces fabrics in metamorphic rocks

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9
Q

Index minerals

A

chlorite→ mica→ garnet→ staurolite→ kyanite [only from shale protoliths]
low to high all come from protoliths chlorite being first

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10
Q

foliated rocks

A

foliated: slate; phyllite; schist; gneiss

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11
Q

non-foliated rocks

A

non-foliated rocks: quartzite; marble; amphibolite; hornfels

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12
Q

other rocks

A

other: migmatite, mylonite, blueschist, eclogite

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13
Q

Types of metamorphism

A

Regional: majority
Contact: hornfels
Dynamic/shear: mylonites
Subduction: produces blueschist & eclogite

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14
Q

Blueschist

A

high P subduction zone metamorphism

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15
Q

Eclogite

A

very high P subduction zone

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16
Q

Prograde metamorphism

A

typical sequence of changes from
low to high metamorphic grade; if protolith is shale, result is
sequence of index minerals (chlorite, etc.)

17
Q

Retrograde metamorphism

A

may produce

chlorite rind on blueschist blocks, garnet

18
Q

Metamorphic isograds

A

lines of equal metamorphic grade that separate zones

19
Q

Metamorphic zones

A

named for index minerals found within them; separated by isograds
Regional patterns of metamorphic zones are delineated by the isograds
—indicate thermal structure of ancient mountain belt
Changes in texture and minerals from shale to migmatite:

20
Q

Maryland Piedmont
What did the pattern of metamorphic isograds
reveal?
What metamorphic rocks are found in the local
area?

A

Kyanite is the hottest because closest to center of mountain belt where rocks are hotter

Gneiss, quartzite, shist, muse

21
Q

FOLIATION

A

All metamorphic rocks are RECRYSTALLIZED.
Some may also have aligned platy or elongate minerals
that form a planar alignment called FOLIATION
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS by increasing metamorphic grade:
slate->phyllite->schist->gneiss

22
Q

SLATE

A

compact, very fine-grained, metamorphic rock
with a welldeveloped cleavage; freshly cleaved surfaces
are dull
low grade

23
Q

PHYLLITE

A

a rock in which very fine-grained micas impart a silky sheen to the cleavage surface
low grade

24
Q

SCHIST

A

a metamorphic rock exhibiting schistosity, i.e.,
visible micas
med-high grade

25
Q

GNEISS

A

a metamorphic rock displaying gneissic banding,
with alternating felsic and darker mineral layers.
high grade

26
Q

NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS:

A
QUARTZITE – sandstone
MARBLE - Limestone
AMPHIBOLITE - Basalt or gabbro protolith
HORNFELS - contact meta
MIGMATITE- partially melted geniss part igneous and meta
27
Q

QUARTZITE

A

metamorphosed sandstone

28
Q

MARBLE

A

Limestone

29
Q

AMPHIBOLITE

A

Basalt or gabbro

30
Q

HORNFELS

A
Alteration by
heating
Associated with contact
metamorphism around
plutonic intrusions
Finely crystalline
May have reaction
“spots” (spotted
hornfels)
31
Q

MIGMATITE

A

is a partially melted gneiss that has features
of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Light-colored (felsic) minerals melt at lower T
Dark-colored (mafic) minerals melt at higher T

32
Q

REGIONAL

A

Plate tectonic collisions deform huge mountain belts
 Rocks caught up in mountain-building are…
Heated and squeezed by deep burial (geothermal
gradient and plutonic intrusions)
Sheared by directed pressure (stress)
 Creates most
metamorphic
rocks

33
Q

CONTACT

A
Due to heat from
magma invading
country rock
 Creates “baked”
zones in the country
rock protolith
around the plutonic
intrusion
 Reaction zones
around minerals
may create
“spotted” hornfels
34
Q

DYNAMIC OR SHEAR

A
At plate boundary or
deep fault -- grinding
Produces the
metamorphic rock
“MYLONITE”
35
Q

Hydrothermal

A

Alteration by hot, chemically-active water
 A dominant process near mid-ocean ridge:
Cold ocean water seeps into fractures
Reacts with oceanic basalt
The hot water rises and is ejected via black smokers

36
Q

Shock

A

Rarely, Earth is struck by a large meteorite (bolide)
 Impacts generate a compressional shock wave
Extremely high pressure
Heat vaporizes or melts large masses of rock
 These conditions generate high-pressure minerals

37
Q

Subduction

A
Subduction creates the unique blueschist facies
 Trenches and accretionary prisms have…
Relatively low temperatures
High pressures
 High P – Low T creates
glaucophane, a blue
amphibole (the blue
in blueschist)
38
Q

Metamorphic FACIES:

A

a set of co-existing minerals that
indicate metamorphic rock reached a certain range of P
and T conditions

39
Q

SHIELDS

A

Large regions of ancient high-grade metamorphic rocks
eroded remnants of mountain belts exposed in continental
interiors; form the basement under sedimentary cover