Ch. 7: Learning From Experience Flashcards
classical conditioning
a set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events—conditioned and unconditioned stimuli—that occur outside of one’s control
conditioned inhibition
learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning
conditioned response (CR)
the acquired stimulus that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning
discriminative stimulus
the stimulus situation that sets the occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement or punishment
extinction
presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding
fixed-interval (FI) schedule
a schedule in which the reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
a schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed and does not change
habituation
the decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
law of effect
if a response in a particular situation is followed nu a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened. If a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience
modeling
the natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant oth
negative punishment
an event that, when removed after a response lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again
negative reinforcement
an event that, when removed after a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
observational learning
learning by observing the experience of others
operant conditioning
a procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions (also called instrumental conditioning)
orienting response
an inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or surprising events
partial reinforcement schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occurred
positive punishment
an event that, when presented after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again
positive reinforcement
an event that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response
reinforcement
response consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
schedule of reinforcement
a rule that is used to determine when particular responses will be reinforced
second-order conditioning
a procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neural stimulus
sensitization
increased responsiveness, or sensitivity, or an event that has been repeated
shaping
a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired
spontaneous recovery
the recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination
responding differently to a new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response (UR)
the observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training
variable-interval (VI) schedule
a schedule in which the allotted time before a response will yield reinforcement varies from trial to trial
variable-ration (VR) schedule
a schedule in which a certain number of responses are required for reinforcement, but the number of required responses typically changes
punishment
consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
