Ch 7 & 8: Atomic Structure, e- Config, Periodic Trends

Question 1

Aufbau Principle

Answer 1

Fill lower energy levels first

Question 2

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 2

No 2 e- can have same set of 4 quantum #’s

Question 3

Hund’s Rule

Answer 3

Each degenerate orbital gets 1 e- before pairing e-‘s

Question 4

Hesienberg Uncertainty Principle

Answer 4

Impossible to know both momentum (p) & position (x) @ same time.
ΔxΔp≥ h/4π

Question 5

Einstein

Answer 5

Light= stream of particles; photons- particles of light.
Ephoton = hν; Ephoton = hc / λ; Emole of photons =  Ephoton* NA

Question 6

DeBroglie

Answer 6

Wave-particle duality of matter & energy (wave nature).

E = mc^2 + E = hc/λ -> λ = h/mu

Question 7

Arthur Compton

Answer 7

Wave-particle duality of matter & energy (particle nature).
beam of x-ray photons at graphite, incr λ of reflected photons.
λ = h/mc = h/p -> p = h/λ

Question 8

Johann Balmer & Rydberg

Answer 8

Formula to calc wavelengths of all emission lines of H atom spectrum.
Rydberg equation, R= 1.09667x10^7

Question 9

Bohr

Answer 9

Energy of e- quantized, e- allowed in orbit not radiate energy, e- from higher to lower orbit gives up quanta of energy (photon).
En=(-R)(1/n^2), R= 2.18x10^-18
Photon emitted- ni>nf

Question 10

Schrodinger

Answer 10

Equation: HΨ=EΨ

behavior & energies of subatomic particles (wave function); quantum #

Question 11

n

Answer 11

Principle quantum # (overall size & energy); row # on per. table

Question 12

l

Answer 12

Angular momentum quantum # (shape/# suborbitals); 
0- s (1 sublevel)
1- p (3 sublevels)
2- d (5 sublevels)
3- f (7 sublevels- #m(l))...;
from 0 to (n-1)

Question 13

m(l)

Answer 13

Magnetic quantum # (orientation of orbital);

from -l…0…l

Question 14

m(s)

Answer 14

Electron spin quantum # (spin of e-, up/down);

+1/2, -1/2

Question 15

Finding max # e-

Answer 15

In subshell: # m(l) * 2

In main level: 2n^2

Question 16

Exceptions to regular e- config rules

Answer 16

d-block:
1. Cr & Mo- 2 s-e- & 4 d-e-
–> _s^1 _d^5
both half filled

2. Cu, Ag, Au- 2 s-e- & 9 d-e-
   - -> _s^1 _d^10

Question 17

Zeff & shielding relationship

Answer 17

Inverse; higher zeff = higher attraction= shielding not high from e-

Question 18

Shielding ways

Answer 18

1. other e- in same energy level

2. e- in inner energy levels (more effective)

Question 19

Trend: Atomic Radii

Answer 19

Highest: bottom left

increasing: down, left

Question 20

Trend: Ionic Radii

Answer 20

Cation

Question 21

Trend: 1st Ioniz Energy (IE)

Answer 21

Highest: top right
Exceptions:
1. grp 2&3 (2 higher)
2. grp 5&6 (5 higher, easier remove from pair e-)

Question 22

Trend: Electron Affinity

Answer 22

Highest: top right
Exceptions:
1. grp 1&2 (1 higher, harder to add e- to p orbital)
2. grp 4&5 (4 higher, harder to add e- if orbital already has e-)

Question 23

Trend: Metallic

Answer 23

Highest: bottom left
shiny, lustrous, malleable, good conductors, low IE, from ionic cmpds with chlorides and oxides
Nonmetal opp trend

Question 24

Isoelectric species, Monoatomic ions

Answer 24

Ex:

O^2-) > (F-) > (Ne) > (Na+) > (Mg^2+

Question 25

Finding inner e-, outer e-, & val e-

Answer 25

``` Inner(core): noble gas in short hand config & completed d & f orbitals, fill lower levels Outer: highest energy level (n-value) Valence (bonding): 1. Main grp- same as outer 2. Transition- outer s and d block e- ```