Ch 7 & 8: Atomic Structure, e- Config, Periodic Trends Flashcards
Aufbau Principle
Fill lower energy levels first
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No 2 e- can have same set of 4 quantum #’s
Hund’s Rule
Each degenerate orbital gets 1 e- before pairing e-‘s
Hesienberg Uncertainty Principle
Impossible to know both momentum (p) & position (x) @ same time.
ΔxΔp≥ h/4π
Einstein
Light= stream of particles; photons- particles of light. Ephoton = hν; Ephoton = hc / λ; Emole of photons = Ephoton* NA
DeBroglie
Wave-particle duality of matter & energy (wave nature).
E = mc^2 + E = hc/λ -> λ = h/mu
Arthur Compton
Wave-particle duality of matter & energy (particle nature).
beam of x-ray photons at graphite, incr λ of reflected photons.
λ = h/mc = h/p -> p = h/λ
Johann Balmer & Rydberg
Formula to calc wavelengths of all emission lines of H atom spectrum.
Rydberg equation, R= 1.09667x10^7
Bohr
Energy of e- quantized, e- allowed in orbit not radiate energy, e- from higher to lower orbit gives up quanta of energy (photon).
En=(-R)(1/n^2), R= 2.18x10^-18
Photon emitted- ni>nf
Schrodinger
Equation: HΨ=EΨ
behavior & energies of subatomic particles (wave function); quantum #
n
Principle quantum # (overall size & energy); row # on per. table
l
Angular momentum quantum # (shape/# suborbitals); 0- s (1 sublevel) 1- p (3 sublevels) 2- d (5 sublevels) 3- f (7 sublevels- #m(l))...; from 0 to (n-1)
m(l)
Magnetic quantum # (orientation of orbital);
from -l…0…l
m(s)
Electron spin quantum # (spin of e-, up/down);
+1/2, -1/2
Finding max # e-
In subshell: # m(l) * 2
In main level: 2n^2
Exceptions to regular e- config rules
d-block:
1. Cr & Mo- 2 s-e- & 4 d-e-
–> _s^1 _d^5
both half filled
- Cu, Ag, Au- 2 s-e- & 9 d-e-
- -> _s^1 _d^10
Zeff & shielding relationship
Inverse; higher zeff = higher attraction= shielding not high from e-
Shielding ways
- other e- in same energy level
2. e- in inner energy levels (more effective)
Trend: Atomic Radii
Highest: bottom left
increasing: down, left
Trend: Ionic Radii
Cation
Trend: 1st Ioniz Energy (IE)
Highest: top right
Exceptions:
1. grp 2&3 (2 higher)
2. grp 5&6 (5 higher, easier remove from pair e-)
Trend: Electron Affinity
Highest: top right
Exceptions:
1. grp 1&2 (1 higher, harder to add e- to p orbital)
2. grp 4&5 (4 higher, harder to add e- if orbital already has e-)
Trend: Metallic
Highest: bottom left
shiny, lustrous, malleable, good conductors, low IE, from ionic cmpds with chlorides and oxides
Nonmetal opp trend
Isoelectric species, Monoatomic ions
Ex:
O^2-) > (F-) > (Ne) > (Na+) > (Mg^2+
Finding inner e-, outer e-, & val e-
Inner(core): noble gas in short hand config & completed d & f orbitals, fill lower levels Outer: highest energy level (n-value) Valence (bonding): 1. Main grp- same as outer 2. Transition- outer s and d block e-