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Gen Bio II 1155 > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are some natural selective trends toward life’s increase in complexity?

A
  • Communities (competition with other organisms)
  • Multicellularity (Division of labor)
  • Compartmentalization (increased cellular efficiency)
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1
Q

What traits of prokaryotic cells may be considered limitations?

A

Small size, small genome, non-compartmentalized.

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2
Q

How did compartmentalization evolve? (2 theories)

A
  • > Plasma membrane pinching off to create nucleus

- > Endosymbiosis

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3
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Nucleus (nuclear envelope, etc) has a similar structure to a prokaryotic cell.

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4
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

A cell that undergoes endosymbiosis multiple times creating layers.

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5
Q

What evidence is there for symbiosis in protistans?

A

Protists have plastids with multiple membranes.

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6
Q

Why are protistans considered paraphyletic?

A

Because they are unified by one common ancestor but do not include all of the descendants.

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7
Q

What are characteristics of protists?

A
  • > Aquatic
  • > Unicellular
  • > Extremely Small
  • > Eukaryotic
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8
Q

Why are protists difficult to characterize?

A
  • > Small size
  • > Diverse
  • > Numerous
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9
Q

What are the major characteristics of Excavata?

A
  • > Unicellular
  • > Heterotrophic
  • > Unique flagella
  • > Modified mitochondria
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10
Q

Why are Diplomonads different from other excavates?

A
  • > “double cells”
  • > double nuclei
  • > modified mitochondria performing fermentation
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11
Q

What characteristics in Giardia cause it to be considered ancient or primitive?

A
  • > Ribosomal RNA (similar to bacteria)

- > double nuclei

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12
Q

How are Euglenozoa similar to diplomonads?

A
  • > mixotrophic

- > nutritional function does not necessarily match structure

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13
Q

What derived characteristic helps distinguish Euglenozoa from other excavata?

A
  • > Perform photosynthesis

- > Have crystalline rod structure in flagella

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14
Q

How do euglenid mitochondria distinguish them from other types?

A

They perform fermentation.

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15
Q

How do Euglenids appear to lead a double life?

A

Mixotrophic.

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16
Q

What distinguishes kinetoplastids from euglenoids?

A

Kinetoplastids: kDNA in single mitochondria
Euglenoids: Multiple mitochondria

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17
Q

What protozoan is responsible for sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma.

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18
Q

What host(s) do Trypanosoma take advantage of?

A

Tsetse fly and human.

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19
Q

How is trypanosoma transmitted?

A

Bites from tsetse fly.

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20
Q

What 3 clades are included in the supergroup SAR?

A
  • > Stramenopila
  • > Alveolata
  • > Rhizaria
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21
Q

How are the group of protistans known as SAR distinguished?

A

DNA similarities

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22
Q

Why is the grouping of SAR controversial?

A

Because it is only the best guess for the phylogeny of the three major groups of protists (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians). There are many diversities among the organisms.

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23
Q

What is a major characteristic of Stramenopiles?

A

Has “hairy” and non hairy flagella.

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24
Q

What is characteristic among diatoms?

A
  • > Shells containing silica.
  • > Photozynthesize
  • > Only have flagella in gametic state
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25
Q

What characteristics distinguish golden algae?

A
  • > Extra pigment

- > Stores food as oil

26
Q

What characteristics distinguish brown algae? Why is it so different?

A
  • > Stores food as starch
  • > Flagella in gametes
  • > Colloidal substance in cell walls
27
Q

What are the 3 major groups of stramenopiles?

A
  • Diatoms
  • Golden Algae
  • Brown Algae (Phaeophytes)
28
Q

What is the commercial use for alginate?

A

Thickening agent.

29
Q

What nutritional function is mutual among stramenopiles?

A

Photosynthesis.

30
Q

The three main groups of Alveolates are:

A
  • > Ciliates
  • > Dinoflagellates
  • > Apicomplexans
31
Q

What commercial use does alginate (found in cell walls of brown algae) have?

A

Thickening agent due to colloidal property of cell walls.

32
Q

What are the three main groups of Alveolates?

A
  • > Ciliates
  • > Dinoflagellates
  • > Apicomplexans
33
Q

What type of motility is utilized by Ciliates?

A

Cilia

34
Q

What kind of motility is used by dinoflagellates?

A

Flagella

35
Q

What form of motility is used by Apicomplexans?

A

They are non motile.

36
Q

What mode of nutrition is used by ciliates?

A

chemotrophic

37
Q

What mode of nutrition is used by dinoflagellates?

A

Photosynthesis

38
Q

What mode of nutrition is used by apicomplexans?

A

Parasitic

39
Q

Why does paramecium have two different nuclei?

A

1 for reproduction, 1 for metabolic function

40
Q

What organelle does Paramecium have the differ from human cells?

A

Oral groove

41
Q

What is a red tide and why does it occur?

A

When excess resources in the water become available, dinoflagellates can rapidly overbreed and have a red colour.

42
Q

How many hosts are required in the life cycle of Trypanosoma? What are they?

A
  1. Human and Mosquito.
43
Q

What is examined in a host of Trypanosoma to detect its presence?

A

Antigens.

44
Q

What distinguishes Rhizaria from the other SAR protists?

A
  • > Have a hard outer shell (called the test)

- > Have thin cytoplasmic projections

45
Q

What characteristics distinguish actinopods?

A

thin extensions of microtubules covered with cytoplasmic sheath used to obtain food

46
Q

What are characteristics that distinguish foraminiferans?

A

have pored tests with many chambers. receive food from symbiotic algae

47
Q

Foraminiferans are historically important to what country? Why?

A

England. These protists created the limestone that causes the cliffs of Dover to be white.

48
Q

What does Unikonta mean?
Uni - ___
Konta - ________

A

One

Movement

49
Q

What characteristic unifies this group?

A

1 flagellum.

50
Q

Why are amoebozoans different from other Unikonta?

A

Pseudopodia

51
Q

How are slime molds different from other amoeba types? (entamoeba)

A

Act as fungi and have sexual reproduction with a haploid stage

52
Q

Plasmodial slime molds are _________ (uni/multi cellular) while cellular slime molds are _______ (uni/multi cellular)

A

unicellular

multicellular

53
Q

What higher group of organisms do slime molds most closely resemble?

A

Fungi

54
Q

Connect the following:
A)Axopodia 1)Cytoplasmic
B) Reticulopodia 2) Psuedopodia
C) Lobopodia 3) Microtubules

A

A) Axopodia 3) Microtubules
B) Reticulopodia 1) Cytoplasmic
C) Lobopodia 2) Psuedopodia

55
Q

What does opisthokont mean?
Opistho:
Kont:

A

Posterior, movement

56
Q

Do all opisthokonts have a posterior flagella?

A

Yes, it is a monophyletic group.

57
Q

How are choanoflagellates distinguished from fungi and animals?

A

Free living

58
Q

Describe the lifestyle of choanoflagellates

A

put out flagella to aid phagocytosis

59
Q

What characterizes Archaeoplastida?

A

Double membrane chloroplasts (endosymbiotic cyanobacteria)

60
Q

What is different about Rhodophytes (red algae)?

A

Has chlorophyll a&d as well as ohycoerythins which gives it color.

61
Q

What characteristics distinguish green algae?

A

Chlorophyll a+b, store food as starch.

62
Q

Why are green algae more closely related to plants?

A

Store food as starch.

63
Q

Why is red algae different from any other algae?

A

Accessory pigments

Gen Bio II 1155 (5 decks)

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