CH 7

Question 1

What are the individual differences in height and weight?

Answer 1

Average differences in height and weight btw boys and girls increase during the preschool years. Economic development is also a factor where better nutrition and health care is important in the growth of children.

Question 2

What are the changes in body shape and structure during the development of a child?

Answer 2

During preschool years, the children burn off the fat that they were born with and they become more slender. Muscle size increases, bones become sturdier, and sense organs develop.

Question 3

What should be done to prevent chaos during mealtimes with children?

Answer 3

Making sure that there a variety of food options available that is low in fat and high in nutrition, especially iron rich food.

Question 4

What is the just-right phenomenon?

Answer 4

Some preschool children develop strong rituals and routines about the kinds of foods they will eat.

Question 5

What are the unexpected benefits of a cold or flu for a child?

Answer 5

It could build up their immune system to fight off more severe diseases in the future. It could help them understand their bodies better. It could help them learn coping skills that will help them deal more effectively with future diseases. It gives them the perspective of what others are going through when they are sick.

Question 6

What could be a potential reason why the use of depressants have increased among preschool children?

Answer 6

Potentially due to parents and other caregivers seeking a quick for behavioral problems that could be normal or typical difficulties.

Question 7

Precautions to be taken in order to prevent a child from getting sick?

Answer 7

~Consuming a well-balanced diet that contains the proper nutrients and proteins. 2 years- 1300 cal/day. 4-6- 1700 cal/day.
~Encouraged to exercise.
~Given as much sleep as they want.
~Avoiding contact with other sick people.
~Given the appropriate immunizations.

Question 8

Before age 10, child have twice the likelihood of dying from what than an illness?

Answer 8

Injury.

Question 9

What could be the reasons for death from injuries for children?

Answer 9

~Physical activity where children overestimate their capability to using swings and climbing things.
~Some children are more of a risk-taker than others are which could have a higher rate of injuries.
~Children from poverty conditions also tend to live in neighborhoods that are more hazardous.
~Poisonous household cleaners.

Question 10

What is the most severe health threat to children younger than the age of 6?

Answer 10

Lead poisoning.

Question 11

What are the damages from lead posioning?

Answer 11

Linked to higher levels of antisocial behavior, including aggression and delinquency. Also results in illness and death.

Question 12

Where can lead come from?

Answer 12

More poverty stricken neighborhoods with lead in their paint or heavily trafficked urban areas with high levels of air pollution.

Question 13

Why does a child’s brain grow so rapidly?

Answer 13

Bc of an increase in the number of interconnections among cells. These interconnections allow for more complex communication btw neurons and they permit the rapid growth of cognitive skills.

Question 14

What does the increase in myelin do?

Answer 14

Myelin is the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons. And the increase of that would speed the transmission of electrical impulses alng brain cells but also adds to brain weight.

Question 15

Lateralization?

Answer 15

The process by which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other, becomes more pronounced during the preschool years.

Question 16

What is the left and right hemispheres associated with?

Answer 16

Left- verbal competence, speaking, reading, thinking and reasoning.
Right- nonverbal areas, comprehension of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression.

Question 17

Reticular formation?

Answer 17

An area of the brain associated with attention and concentration.

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

Part of the brain that controls balance and movement to the cerebral cortex.

Question 19

Cerebral cortex

Answer 19

Structure responsible for sophisticated information processing.

Question 20

What is the reason for significant advances in motor skills that occur during preschool years?

Answer 20

The growth in the nerve fibers that takes place in the cerebellum and the increases in myelin.

Question 21

How does children’s motor skills grow so rapidly?

Answer 21

Due to brain development and myelination of neurons in areas of the brain that control balance and coordination. Also because the children spent a lot of time practicing motor skills.

Question 22

What are the guidelines of readiness for potty use?

Answer 22

~Staying dry for at least 2 hours.
~Regular and predictable bowel movements/
~Indication that bowel movement is about occur.
~Being able to undress by themselves.

Question 23

Left-handedness is related to waht?

Answer 23

Higher achievements

Question 24

Preoperational stage?

Answer 24

Use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increase. Children become better are representing events internally and they grow less dependent on the use of direct sensorimotor activity to understand the world around them.

Question 25

Operations

Answer 25

Organized, formal, logical mental processes that characterize school age children.

Question 26

Symbolic functioning

Answer 26

The ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.

Question 27

What is the imporant benefits of language?

Answer 27

~Allows preschoolers to represent actions symbolically which allows for much greater speed.
~Language allows them to think beyond the present to the future. They can imagine future possibilities through fantasies.

Question 28

Does thought or language come first?

Answer 28

Controversial question. Piaget believes that continuing growth in cognitive ability during the preoperational period provides the foundation for language ability.

Question 29

Scripts

Answer 29

Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur. With age, the scripts become more elaborate. Certain instances of a scripted event are recalled with less accuracy than those that are unscripted in memory due to the events that are frequently occurring tend to be melded into scripts.

Question 30

What are the reasons why preschoolers don’t have accurate autobiographical memories?

Answer 30

These memories do not last later into their life. The accuracy of these memories is determined by how soon those memories are accessed. The event to be remembered has to be vivid. Preschoolers have a difficulty describing certain kinds of information which can lead to them oversimplifying recollections.

Question 31

Autobiographical memory?

Answer 31

Memory of particular events from one’s own life, achieves little accuracy until after 3 years of age.

Question 32

What do the proponents of information processing see in terms of changes in children?

Answer 32

They dispute with Piaget’s idea of qualitative changes making up cognitive development and rather agree with quantitative changes being more advanced in children.

Question 33

What type of concepts do information processing approach provide?

Answer 33

A comprehensive logical set of concepts.

Question 34

Negatives about the information processing approach?

Answer 34

Pay no attention to social and cultural facts. Pays too much attention to the detailed, individual sequence of processes that compose cognitive process and development which can leave out some other important facts that could influence congition.

Question 35

Vygotsky’s view on cognitive development?

Answer 35

Result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation. Piaget concentrates on individual performance whereas Vyg focuses on the social aspects of development and learning.

Question 36

Vygotsky argues for what in a child’s cognitive development?

Answer 36

Partnership with other people.