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BioChem > Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Common biological roles of carbohydrates

A

energy storage
metabolic intermediate
nucleic acids
structural
cell recognition
cell signaling

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2
Q

Common features of carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n
chiral centers
linear and cyclic structures
glycosidic bonds
H-bond donors and acceptors

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3
Q

aldehyde containing sugar

A

aldose

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4
Q

ketone containing sugar

A

ketos

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5
Q

3 carbon sugar

A

triose

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6
Q

4 carbon sugar

A

tetrose

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7
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

pentose

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8
Q

6 carbon sugar

A

hexose

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9
Q

7 carbon sugar

A

heptose

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10
Q

How is stereochemistry assigned to sugars

A

bottom most chiral center orientation

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11
Q

D orientation

A

hydroxyl group on the right

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12
Q

L orientation

A

hydroxyl group on the left

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13
Q

Most common orientation of sugars in nature

A

D

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14
Q

Epimers

A

differ at one of several chiral centers

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15
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

differ in the order of attatchment

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16
Q

Enantiomers

A

Non superimposable mirror images

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17
Q

Diastereomers

A

Isomers that are not mirror images

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18
Q

Anomers

A

differ at asymmetric carbon in ring structure

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19
Q

5 membered ring sugar

A

furanose form

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20
Q

6 membered ring sugar

A

pyranose form

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21
Q

favored ring size of aldohexos sugars

A

pyranose form

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22
Q

favored ring size of aldopentos sugars

A

furanose form

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23
Q

favored ring size of ketohexos

A

furanose form

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24
Q

Oxidation at carbon 1 in aldos sugars

A

forms carboxylic acid (aldonic acid)

25
Q

Oxidation at carbon 6

A

uronic acid

26
Q

Oxidation ar carbons 1 and 6

A

aldaric acid

27
Q

what is mutarotation

A

interconversion between open chain and α and β cyclic forms

28
Q

What is a reducing sugar

A

contains an aldehyde or anomeric hydroxyl group that can be oxidized to carboxylic acid

29
Q

What happens in deoxygenation

A

replace hydroxyl group with H or CH3

30
Q

What is a Fehling test used for

A

Treat solution with Cu2+ to find aldehyde containing sugars through a red solid

31
Q

Phosphate esters

A

replace hydroxyl group with a phosphate group (PO4)

32
Q

Amino sugar

A

replace OH with NH2

33
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

replace anomeric OH with OR or NH2

34
Q

Consequence of forming glycoside

A

traps sugar in cyclic form

35
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugars linked by glycosidic bond

36
Q

Two roles of polysaccharides

A

energy storage and structure

37
Q

3 types of energy storage polysaccharides

A

Starch, Glycogen, and Dextrans

38
Q

Starch is made up of what?

A

α-amylose and amylopectin

39
Q

α-amylose structure

A

linear chain of α1-4 linkage of D-glucose

40
Q

amylopectin structure

A

linear chain of α1-4 linkage of D-glucose and α1-6 branches (every 12-30 units)

41
Q

Glycogen structure

A

Similar to amlyopectin but more heavily branched

42
Q

Benefits of heavily branched polymers

A

can be broken faster

43
Q

Dextrans structure

A

linear chain of α1-6 linkage of D-glucose with braches

44
Q

Two structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose and Chitin

45
Q

Structure of Cellulose

A

linear chain of β1-4 linkage of D-glucose

46
Q

Structure of Chitin

A

similar to cellulose but with an acetamide at C2

47
Q

α-amylase enzymatic role

A

hydrolyzes α1-4 linkages

48
Q

cellulase enzymatic role

A

hydrolyzes β1-4 linkages

49
Q

lactase enzymatic role

A

cleaves galactose and glucose β1-4 linkages

50
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans

A

linear chains of repeating disaccharides with at least one charged group and an amino sugar

51
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

provides strength to bacterial cell walls

52
Q

What are Glycoproteins

A

protein with covalently linked oligo- and polysaccharide groups

53
Q

How are glycoproteins linked

A

O-linked (Ser, Thr, or hydroxylysine)
N-linked (Asn)

54
Q

What effects to sugars have on a protein

A

can effect shape, solubility, location, and degradation

55
Q

How is sialic acid used in degradation

A

As sialic acid is cleaved off, the protein can bind to a receptor better to be degraded

56
Q

What are lectins

A

class of proteins that bind carbohydrates with high specificity and affinity

57
Q

How to selectins directly help luekocytes

A

the leukocyte binds to the selectins to be directed towards the site of infection

58
Q

common structural features of proteoglycans

A

extracellular protein

BioChem (5 decks)

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