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Thrall (Normal Variants) > Ch. 6 Thorax > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Where should the central axis of the XR beam be centred for a lateral projection of the thorax?

A

Just caudal (or approx. 1 inch caudal to the scapula)

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2
Q

How can you tell that a lateral projection is perfectly positioned?

A

The most dorsal aspects of the caudal ribs are superimposed.

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6
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7
Q

Dorsally located pulmonary lesions are usually more conspicuous in ___ view, and ventrally located lesions (including accessory lobe lesions) in the ____ view.

A

dorsal - DV
ventral + accessory - VD

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8
Q

In which lateral view do the crura diverge dorsally?

A

left

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9
Q

in left lateral, which crus is more cranial and why?

A

left crus is more cranial (they diverge dorsally) because of pressure from abdominal organs, and because of decreased lung aeration, in the dependent left lung

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10
Q

Is there more or less heart to sternal contact in the left lateral view, compared with the right lateral view?

A

Less

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11
Q

Which lobe artery/vein pair is typically easiest to identify in lateral? In which lateral view is this the case and where are they located? (dorsal or ventral)?

A

The right cranial lobe or treat/vein pair is the easiest identify in the left lateral view being the most ventral, the cranial lobe vasculature.

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12
Q

which 3 things indicate the laterality?

A

LL; look at crura divergence, pyloric gas and CVC entrance

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13
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14
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15
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16
Q

In a left lateral view, the vessels superimposed over the heart are typically the ________ lobe artery/vein.

A

right middle

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17
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18
Q

What is the pathology rises phenomenon?

A

Not only do normal structures in the dependent lung become displaced dorsally, but also pulmonary lesions. This occurs in both left and right lateral views and is referred to as the down pathology rises phenomenon

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19
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21
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22
Q

The normal cardiac shift to the ____ in the __ view is commonly misinterpreted as cardiomegaly

A

left, DV

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23
Q

The caudal lobar pulmonary vessels are more conspicuous in the ___ view.

A

DV; perpendicular (less distortion) and less atelectasis

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24
Q

Why would assessment of the right caudal lobe pulmonary vein and/or caudal vena cava be difficult?

A

because they are superimposed

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25
Q

The caudal lobar arteries/veins should be the diameter of which rib, in VD or DV?
– what is the upper limit?

A

9th, up to 1.2x

(image shows superimposition of the R caudal and CVC)

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26
Q

Which shape is the heart in VD, compared to DV?

A

more narrow and elongated

also more centrally located, and more space between caudal heart and diaphragm

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27
Q
A

costchondral mineralisation

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28
Q
A

costchondral mineralisation

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29
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30
Q

how many sternebrae are there, and what is the 1st and last called?

A

8; manubrium and xiphoid process

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31
Q

morphological abnormalities are common for which sternebra?

A

xiphoid process - e.g. hypoplasia or absence

uncommon for manubrium

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32
Q

Xiphoid process abnormalities are associated with _____.

A

pectus excavatum

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33
Q

Pectus excavatum is associated with abnormalities of which sternebra?

A

xiphoid process; there is often variable mineralisation that can be confused with an aggressive lesion. Proliferative degenerative remodelling can also occur.

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34
Q

Is pectus excavatum always clinically significant?

A

It is often not associated with any clinically significant complications.

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35
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A
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36
Q

Why can the mediastinum contain unilateral pleural disease?

A

because it is fenestrated

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36
Q

how does the mediastinum communicate with the neck, and the retroperitoneal space?

A

neck - fascial planes
retroperitoneal space - aortic hiatus

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37
Q

what are mediastinal reflections?

A

areas where the mediastinum deviates from midline:

  • cranioventral
  • caudoventral
  • plica vena cava
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38
Q

where is the cranioventral mediastinal reflection?

A

between the right cranial and cranial left cranial lung lobe

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39
Q

what is the most cranial pulmonary tissue? i.e. which lobe

A

cranial left cranial lobe

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40
Q

which lung lobe crosses the midline?

A
  • the left cranial crosses to the right, at the cranial thoracic inlet

just caudal to this,
- the right cranial crosses to the left

(between them is the cranioventral mediastinal reflection)

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40
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41
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42
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43
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44
Q

Which vessels lie in the cranioventral mediastial reflection?

A

internal thoracic a. & v.

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45
Q

what are the borders of the caudoventral mediastinal reflection?

A

l caudal lobe, accessory lone

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45
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A
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46
Q

What is the typical width of the cranial mediastinum (in terms of a vertebral body)?

A

1-2x width of a vertebral body (any T’s)

46
Q

Where are the sternal lymph nodes located?

a) Dorsal to the second sternal segment
b) Ventral to the second sternal segment
c) Dorsal to the fifth sternal segment
d) Ventral to the fifth sternal segment

A

a) Dorsal to the second sternal segment

46
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A
47
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A
48
Q

Which lymph nodes are located immediately ventral to the trachea in the cranial mediastinum?

a) Sternal lymph nodes
b) Cranial mediastinal lymph nodes
c) Caudal mediastinal lymph nodes
d) Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

A

b) Cranial mediastinal lymph nodes

49
Q

What is the typical width of the cranial mediastinum as seen in the VD or DV view?

a) 1 to 2 times the width of a cranial thoracic vertebral body
b) 2 to 3 times the width of a cranial thoracic vertebral body
c) 3 to 4 times the width of a cranial thoracic vertebral body
d) 0.5 to 1 times the width of a cranial thoracic vertebral body

A

a) 1 to 2 times the width of a cranial thoracic vertebral body

50
Q

Where are the caudal mediastinal lymph nodes located?

a) Surround the carina and origin of the principal bronchi
b) Surround the cranial aspect of the trachea and heart base
c) Surround the caudal aspect of the trachea and heart base
d) Surround the ventral aspect of the trachea and heart base

A

c) Surround the caudal aspect of the trachea and heart base

50
Q

In young dogs, where is the thymus often visible in the VD or DV views?

a) Caudal to the cardiac silhouette
b) Lateral to the cardiac silhouette
c) Craniolateral to the cardiac silhouette
d) Dorsal to the cardiac silhouette

A

c) Craniolateral to the cardiac silhouette

50
Q

Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes located?

a) Surround the caudal aspect of the trachea and heart base
b) Surround the carina and origin of the principal bronchi
c) Surround the cranial aspect of the trachea and heart base
d) Surround the ventral aspect of the trachea and heart base

A

b) Surround the carina and origin of the principal bronchi

51
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A
51
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A
51
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A
52
Q

What is the typical position of the intrathoracic trachea in VD and DV views?
a) Slightly to the left of midline
b) Slightly to the right of midline
c) Directly on the midline
d) Parallel to the spine

A

b) Slightly to the right of midline

53
Q
A
54
Q

In Bulldogs, what is the trachea to thoracic inlet ratio, and what does it indicate about the tracheal size?
a) 0.16 ± 0.03, indicating a larger trachea
b) 0.2 ± 0.03, indicating a standard trachea
c) 0.13 ± 0.038, indicating a narrower trachea with large variation
d) 0.09 ± 0.038, indicating the smallest trachea size

A

c) 0.13 ± 0.038, indicating a narrower trachea with large variation

0.16 in other brachys
0.2 in non-brachys

55
Q
A

a + c

55
Q

What is the mean ratio of tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet diameter in nonbrachycephalic breeds?
a) 0.13 ± 0.03
b) 0.16 ± 0.03
c) 0.2 ± 0.03
d) 0.25 ± 0.03

A

c) 0.2 ± 0.03

56
Q
A
57
Q

What is the smallest thoracic inlet : trachea ratio that was not associated with clini- cal signs?

A

0.09

58
Q

Which (right or left) lung volume is greater overall?

A

right

59
Q
A
60
Q

head is flexed or extended?

A

flexed

61
Q
A

b) Flexion of the head

62
Q
A

a

63
Q
A

A

64
Q
A

c) Dorsal and to the left of the trachea, dorsal to the principal bronchi

in brachys, could be ventral to the intrathoracic trachea

65
Q
A

b) When the patient is in left lateral recumbency

66
Q
A

b) Gas-filled, tubular opacity in the cranial mediastinum, ventral to the trachea

67
Q
A
68
Q
A
68
Q
A

canine esophagram - longitudinal folds

69
Q
A

c) Two-thirds

69
Q
A

feline esophagram - herringbone in the caudal 1/3

70
Q

What is the likely diagnosis based on the radiographic appearance in the provided image?

a) Pulmonary mass
b) Cardiomegaly
c) Esophageal dilation with gas / esophageal redundancy
d) Pleural effusion

A

c) Esophageal dilation with gas / esophageal redundancy

71
Q
A

C: (up to) 3.5

72
Q
A
72
Q
A

b) Left caudal lobar pulmonary artery

73
Q

List the features on the clock face analogy

A
74
Q
A

why the left pulmonary artery is seen better than the right

75
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q
A

a) At a more oblique angle with the apex/base axis more parallel to the sternum.

77
Q
A
78
Q
A

LL radiograph of a 12-year-old Manx cat. The heart is more obliquely positioned in the thorax, and the ascending aorta is relatively angular. This is seen commonly in older cats.

78
Q
A

Lateral radiograph of a 12-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat. The cardiac silhouette is nearly parallel with the sternum, and the ascending aorta has an angular appearance as it leaves the cardiac silhouette. The trachea at the heart base is abnormally deviated ventrally, which is a manifestation of altered heart position, exacerbated by a small amount of gas in the esophagus.

78
Q
A

b) It does not absorb an adequate number of x-rays.

79
Q
A

b) It is usually clinically insignificant and considered an incidental finding.

79
Q
A
80
Q
A

b) They are cylindrical and have depth when viewed end-on.

80
Q
A

b) 2 to 3 mm

81
Q
A

b) End-on pulmonary vessels have a tail, an adjacent curvilinear opacity.

82
Q
A

a) They are usually directly adjacent to an end-on bronchus.

83
Q
A

Answer: b) Fat within a redundant mediastinal reflection

84
Q
A

b) The x-ray beam must be parallel to the lung border

85
Q
A

a) Type I pneumocytes

86
Q
A
87
Q
A

a) 1 to 2 mm

87
Q
A

c) Collies

88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q
A
90
Q
A

b) Pleural fluid

91
Q
A

b) Cats have fewer bronchial markings

92
Q
A

b) More conspicuous bronchial markings

93
Q
A
94
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A
96
Q
A

c) T11 to T12

97
Q
A

: d) More ventral

97
Q
A

c) Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

98
Q
A

d) Left lateral view - possibly due to compression by the stomach

Thrall (Normal Variants) (1 decks)

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