Ch. 6: Reading Buildings Flashcards
To say that a building collapses without warning is a flawed statement.
The ‘warning’ for structural collapse is in the ISOs ability to understand:
- building construction
- the effects of fire on the building.
What type of explicit detail and their judgment must ISOs be able to give an incident commander?
Regarding the collapse potential** of a given building being **attacked by fire.
What is imposed on building materials?
loads
The imposition of a load causes stress on the materials called what?
force
What is the direction or application of a load to a component?
The imposition of the load.
What are the three types of load that can be transmitted through a structural member?
[ATE] >>> Load
- Axial Load
- Torsion Load
- Eccentric Load
3 ways loads are applied to a structural member?
Compression, tension, and shear forces [CTS]
Mass is heat resistance, and heat resistance is _______.
time
What are the four basic building material types?
Wood, steel, concrete, and masonry.
What does it lead to when steel softens, elongates, and sags when heated?
collapse
Cooling _________ _________ with fire streams is just as important as attacking the fire.
structural steel
What has excellent tensile, shear, and compressive strength?
Steel
High factory control; that is, it’s easy to change its shape, increase its strength, and manipulate it during production.
Steel
What has excellent compressive strength when cured?
concrete
A pocket of concrete that has crumbled into fine particles through exposure to heat.
spalling
What can take away the critical mass of the concrete- that is, the mass used for strength?
spalling
A lateral force that exceeds the compressive forces within a masonry wall causes its ______ ________.
quick collapse
Brick, concrete block, and stone are general defined as this type of building material.
Masonry
What is referred to as a combination of the four basic materials?
composite
Lumber created by gluing and pressing together sheet veneers of wood (in the same grain direction)
laminated veneer lumber (lvl)
A wood sheeting consisting of wood chips (strands oriented in multiple directions) and an emulsified glue.
oriented strand board (osb)
What causes failure in “fake beams” aka composite trusses
Rapid heating of a composite truss can cause the metal to separate from the wood or glue adhesion to fail
Building columns, beams, and connections used to assemble a building.
Structural elements
To predict collapse.
The ISO must constantly evaluate structural elements to determine if they can still transfer the load as designed.
Any structural component that transmits a compressive force parallel through its center is called a ________.
column
A structural element that delivers loads perpendicularly to its imposed load is called a ________.
beam
What structural component are subject to compressive forces? Examples.
columns
Wall or a Post
What is the “weak link” in structural failure during fires?
the connection
What are the three general types of connections?
Rigid
Pinned
Gravity
[RPG]
What are a series of columns and beams used to hold up a building often referred to as?
‘skeletal frame’ or ‘post and beam’
Name this type of construction?
‘Structural elements are of an approved noncombustible or limited combustible material with sufficient fire-resistive ratings to withstand the effect of fire and prevent its spread from story to story.’
Type I: Fire Resistive
What type is typical of concrete-encased steel, monolithic-poured cement, and steel with spray-on fire protection coatings?
Type I
What type of buildings are often steel and are susceptible to steel deformation and resulting collapse?
Type II
What type are buildings made of load-bearing brick or concrete block with wood roofs and floors?
Type III: Ordinary
What is one of the most common uses of Type III?
Strip mall with masonry walls and lightweight steel or wood trusses.
What are common problems associated with the Type III construction?
Void spaces allowing for rapid-fire extension and collapse of lightweight structural elements.
What is used to pull back into alignment the sagging or bowing load-bearing walls?
decorative stars/ornaments (spreaders)
What type of buildings have block or brick exterior load-bearing walls and interior structural members, roofs, and floors, and arches of solid or laminated wood (8”) without concealed spaces?
Type IV: Heavy Timber
Where are heavy timber buildings mainly used for?
Warehouses, manufacturing buildings, and some older churches.
What can fire spread in a Heavy Timber building be fast due to?
Wide-open areas and content exposure.
What is the most common construction type?
Type V: Wood Framed
- homes, new small businesses and chain hotels