Ch 6 - Proteins

Question 1

Proteins

Answer 1

Large, complex molecules made up of amino acids and found as essential components of all living cells.

Question 2

Amino acids

Answer 2

Nitrogen-containing molecule that combine to form proteins.

Question 3

Essential amino acid

Answer 3

Cannot be produced by our body, must be obtained from food. 9 of 20 amino acids in body are essential.

Question 4

Nonessential amino acids

Answer 4

can be made by our body in sufficient quantities and therefore do not need to be consumed regularly in our diet.

Question 5

Conditionally essential amino acids

Answer 5

Amino acids considered nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body’s need for them exceeds the ability to produce them.

Question 6

Peptide bonds

Answer 6

chemical bonds in which the amine group of one amino acid binds to the acid group of another in order to manufacture dipeptides and all larger peptide molecules.

Question 7

Gene expression

Answer 7

The process of using a gene to make a protein.

Question 8

Transcription

Answer 8

The process through which messenger RNA copies genetic information from DNA in the nucleus.

Question 9

Translation

Answer 9

The process that occurs when genetic info carried by messenger RNA is translated into a chain of amino acids at the ribosome.

Question 10

Denaturation

Answer 10

The process by which proteins uncoil and lose their shape and function when they are exposed to heat, acids, bases, heavy metals, alcohol, and other damaging substances.

Question 11

Limiting amino acids

Answer 11

The essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply in the amino acid pool and it thus responsible for slowing or halting protein synthesis.

Question 12

Incomplete proteins (low-quality)

Answer 12

Foods that do not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts to support growth and health.

Question 13

Complete proteins (high quality protein)

Answer 13

Foods that contain all 9 essential amino acids.

Question 14

Mutual supplementation

Answer 14

combining 2 or more incomplete proteins to make a complete protein.

Question 15

Complementary proteins

Answer 15

2/more foods that together contain all 9 essential amino acids necessary for a complete protein. It’s not necessary to eat complementary proteins at the same meal. (Beans, rice)

Question 16

Edema

Answer 16

A disorder in which fluids build up in the tissue spaces of the body, causing fluid imbalances and a swollen appearance.

Question 17

Transport proteins

Answer 17

Protein molecules that help transport substances throughout the body and across cell membrane.

Question 18

Acidosis

Answer 18

blood becomes acidic; the level of hydrogen in the blood is excessive. It can be caused by respiratory / metabolic problems.

Question 19

Alkalosis

Answer 19

blood becomes basic; the level of hydrogen in the blood is deficient. It can be caused by respiratory /metabolic problems.

Question 20

Buffers

Answer 20

Proteins that help maintain proper acid-base balance by attaching to / releasing hydrogen ions as conditions change in the body.

Question 21

Antibodies

Answer 21

Defensive proteins of the immune system. Their production is prompted by the presence of bacteria, viruses, toxins, allergens, and other antigens.

Question 22

Deamination

Answer 22

Liver removes the amine group from the amino acid.

Question 23

Neurotransmitters

Answer 23

Chemicals that transmit messages from one nerve cell to another.

Question 24

Pepsin

Answer 24

An enzyme in the stomach that begins the breakdown of proteins into shorter polypeptide chains and single amino acids.

Question 25

Proteases

Answer 25

Enzyme that breakdown polypeptides in the small intestine.

Question 26

Vegetarianism

Answer 26

The practice of restricting the diet to food substances of plant origin,including vegetables, fruits, grains, and nuts.

Question 27

Protein-energy malnutrition

Answer 27

A disorder caused by inadequate consumption of protein. It’s characterized by severe wasting.

Question 28

Marasmus

Answer 28

A form of protein-energy malnutrition that results from grossly inadequate intake of energy and protein and other nutrients and is characterized by extreme tissue eating and stunted growth and development.

Question 29

Kwashiorkor

Answer 29

A form of protein-energy malnutrition that is seen in malnourished infants and toddlers; characterized by wasting, edema, and other signs of protein deficiency.

Question 30

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 30

A genetic disorder that causes red blood cell to be shaped like a sickle or crescent, impeding their transport to body tissues.

Question 31

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 31

A genetic disorder that causes an alteration in chloride transport, leading to the production of thick, sticky mucus that causes life-threatening respiratory and digestive problems.

Question 32

Megadosing

Answer 32

Consuming nutrients in amounts that are 10/more times higher than recommended levels.

Question 33

Transamination

Answer 33

Transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another in order to made a new amino acid.

Question 34

Polypeptide

Answer 34

10 or more amino acids bonded together.