Ch 6 Gases, Liquids and Solids

Question 1

The measure of such order

Answer 1

Entropy

When the order is perfect, the entropy of the system is zero. When molecules rotate or move from one place to another, the disorder increases, as does the entropy.

Question 2

A fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature, the
volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.

Answer 2

Boyle’s Law

Question 3

states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins (K).

Answer 3

Charles’s Law

Question 4

For a fixed mass of a gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins (K):

Answer 4

Gay-Lussac’s Law

Question 5

states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

Answer 5

Avogadro’s law

Thus, if the temperature, pressure, and volumes of two gases are the same, then the two gases contain the same number of molecules, regardless of their identity

Question 6

Dalton’s law

Answer 6

the total pressure, PT, of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

Question 7

Extremely weak attractive forces between atoms or molecules caused by the electrostatic attraction between temporary induced dipoles

Answer 7

London Dispersion Forces

Question 8

The interaction between the positiveend of a dipole of one moleculeand the negative end of another dipole in the same or different molecule

Answer 8

Dipole-dipole interaction

Question 9

A noncovalent force of attraction between the
partial positive charge on a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom of high electronegativity, most commonly oxygen or nitrogen, and the partial negative charge on a nearby oxygen or nitrogen

Answer 9

Hydrogen bond

Question 10

The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with its liquid
form in a closed container

Answer 10

Vapor pressure

Question 11

Molecules in the interior of a liquid have equal intermolecular attractions in every direction.
Molecules at the surface (the liquid–gas interface), however, experience greater attractions toward the interior of the liquid than toward the gaseous state
above it. Therefore, molecules on the surface are preferentially pulled toward the center of the
liquid. This pull crowds the molecules on the surface, thereby creating a layer, like an elastic skin, that is tough to penetrate.

Answer 11

Surface Tension

Question 12

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure

Answer 12

Boiling point

Question 13

The boiling point when the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm

Answer 13

normal boiling point

Question 14

Solid forms of carbon:

Answer 14

(a) graphite, (b) diamond, (c) “buckyball,” (d) nanotube, and (e) soot.

Question 15

specific heat of ice & steam

Answer 15

0.48 cal/g-C

Question 16

Heat of fusion of ice

Answer 16

80 cal/g-C

Question 17

specific heat of liquid water

Answer 17

1.0 cal/g-C

Question 18

Heat of vaporization

Answer 18

cal/g-C

Question 19

heat necessary to convert 1.0 g
of any solid to a liquid.

Answer 19

heat of fusion

Question 20

heat necessary to convert 1.0 g of any liquid to the gaseous state

Answer 20

Heat of vaporization

Question 21

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

Answer 21

Specific heat

Question 22

When an object is heated, its temperature rises as heat is added. The increase in heat is called

Answer 22

sensible heat

Question 23

heat is associated with processes other than changes among the solid, liquid, and vapour phases of a single substance.

Answer 23

latent heat