Ch 6 - DNA Replication and Repair Flashcards

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1
Q

cancer

A

disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation, followed by invasion and colonization of body sites normally reserved for other cells

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2
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that seals nicks that arise in the backbone of a DNA molecule; in the laboratory, can be used to join together two DNA fragments

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3
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA molecule from a DNA template using deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors

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4
Q

DNA repair

A

collective term for the enzymatic processes that correct damage to DNA

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a copy of a DNA molecule is made

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6
Q

homologous recombination

A

mechanism by which double-strand breaks in a DNA molecule can be repaired flawlessly; uses an undamaged, duplicated, or homologous chromosome to guide the repair. during meiosis, the mechanism results in an exchange of genetic information between the maternal and paternal homologs

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7
Q

lagging strand

A

at a replication fork, the DNA strand that is made discontinuously in short fragments that are later joined together to form one continuous new strand

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8
Q

leading strand

A

at a replication fork, the DNA strand that is made by continuous synthesis in the 5’-to-3’ direction

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9
Q

mismatch repair

A

mechanism for recognizing and correcting incorrectly paired nucleotides - those that are non-complementary

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10
Q

mutation

A

a randomly produced, permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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11
Q

nonhomologous end joining

A

an error-prone mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA by re-joining the two broken ends; often results in a loss of information at the site of repair

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12
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

short length of DNA, including RNA primer, produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication. following primer removal, adjacent fragments are rapidly joined together by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand

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13
Q

primase

A

an RNA polymerase that uses DNA as a template to produce an RNA fragment that serves as a primer for DNA synthesis

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14
Q

proofreading

A

the process by which DNA polymerase corrects its own errors as it moves along DNA

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15
Q

replication fork

A

Y-shaped junction at the site where DNA is being replicated

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16
Q

replication origin

A

nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated

17
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. serves a variety of information, structural, catalytic and regulatory functions in cells

18
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme that elongates telomeres, synthesizing the repetitive nucleotide sequence found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

19
Q

telomere

A

repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication

20
Q

template

A

a molecular structure that serves as a pattern for the production of other molecules. for example, one strand of DNA directs the synthesis of the complementary DNA strand.