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Kaplan Biochemistry > Ch. 6: DNA and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Ch. 6: DNA and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

nucleosides

A

nitrogenous base covalently linked to the base to C-1’ of a five-carbon sugar (pentose)

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

1+ phosphate groups attached to C-5’ of a nucleoside

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3
Q

pentose in RNA

A

ribose

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4
Q

pentose in DNA

A

deoxyribose (H group instead of OH at the 2’)

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5
Q

what base appears almost exclusively in DNA

A

Thymine

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6
Q

purines

A
  • two rings
  • adenine (A) and guanine (G)
  • pure angels
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7
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • one ring
  • cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
  • cut the pye
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8
Q

what base appears almost exclusively in RNA

A

uracil

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9
Q

complementary base pairing

A

A + T (two H bonds)

C + G (three H bonds)

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10
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

%A = %T and %C = %G

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11
Q

B-DNA

A

DNA with right-handed double helix

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12
Q

Z-DNA

A

DNA with high GC content or high salt concentration

zig zagged

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13
Q

denaturing

A

DNA separates into two strands as hydrogen bonds are broken by

  • heat
  • alkaline pH
  • chemicals
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14
Q

reannealing

A

two complementary strands of DNA becoming paired again as conditions are slowly returned to baseline

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15
Q

probe DNA

A

DNA with a known sequence added to a solution of target DNA sequences

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16
Q

chromatin

A

DNA wound around histones

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17
Q

histones

A

basic proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin

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18
Q

structure of a histone

A
  • core of two copies of each histone protein (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)
  • sealed off from unraveling with H1
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19
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histone core

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20
Q

nucleoproteins

A

proteins that associate with DNA

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21
Q

heterochromatin

A
  • DNA that remains compacted during interphase
  • appears dark under microscopy
  • transcriptionally silent
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22
Q

euchromatin

A
  • DNA that is uncoiled during interphase
  • appears light under microscopy
  • genetically active
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23
Q

telomere

A

repeating unit at the end of DNA that prevents chromosomal shortening

TTAGGG

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24
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme that replaces telomere sequence after each round of replication

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25
Q

centromeres

A
  • region of DNA at the center of chromosomes
  • heterochromatin
  • high GC content = strong binding
    “sites of constriction”
26
Q

replisome/replication complex

A

specialized proteins that assist the DNA polymerases

27
Q

origins of replication

A

points at which DNA begins to unwind

28
Q

replication fork

A

sites on either side of the origin of replication where DNA generation proceeds in both directions

29
Q

how are sister chromatids created

A

as replication forks move towards each other but remain connected at centromere

30
Q

helicase

A

enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA

31
Q

single-stranded DNA-binding proteins

A

bind to the unraveled DNA strand to prevent reassociation or degradation

32
Q

nucleases

A

cleave DNA

33
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

introduces negative superoils to alleviate torsional stress

34
Q

supercoiling

A

when DNA wraps on itself and condenses its helical structure toward the telomeres

35
Q

semiconservative replication

A

retainment of one parent strand in each new double strand of DNA

36
Q

DNA polymerase

A

read the parent strand in the 3’ - 5’ direction and synthesized the daughter strand in the 5’ - 3’ direction

37
Q

leading strand

A

read 3’ to 5’ and complement synthesized 5’ to 3’ in a continuous fashion

38
Q

lagging strand

A

copied into okazaki fragments in direction opposite of the replication fork

39
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction to start replication on each strand

40
Q

DNA polymerase alpha, delta, and sigma

A

synthesize DNA

41
Q

RNase H

A

removes RNA primers

42
Q

DNA polymerase delta

A

replaces RNA with DNA

43
Q

DNA ligase

A

seals DNA molecules together

44
Q

why do cancer cells divide freely

A
  • divide w/o stimulation from other cells

- not subject to the normal controls on cell proliferation

45
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that have been mutated and cause cancer

46
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

genes that can promote the cell cycle and become oncogenes if they become mutated

47
Q

anti-oncogenes

A

genes that normally function to suppress tumor formation and can lead to cancer growth if mutated

48
Q

proofreading

A

check for h-bond stability between complementary strands that occurs in the DNA polymerase enzyme

49
Q

mismatch repair

A

repair of replication errors during the G2 phase that were missed during the S phase

50
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

cut and patch repair of sections of DNA containing thymine dimers

51
Q

base excision repair

A

cut and patch repairs of single bases containing small, non-helix-distorting mutations

52
Q

DNA cloning

A

produces large amounts of a desired sequence by forming a recombinant vector and growing it in a colony

53
Q

recombinant vector

A

vector + DNA of interest

54
Q

restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases)

A

enzymes that recognize palindromic double-stranded DNA sequences and cuts through the helix back bone

55
Q

hybridization

A

joining of complementary base pair sequences

56
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

automated process that produces millions of copies of a DNA sequence without bacterial amplification. DNA of interest is denatured, replicated, and reannealed

57
Q

southern blot

A

used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample

58
Q

DNA sequencing

A

replication with dideoxyribonucleotide produces many fragments which are separated by size and read by the last base in the fragment, allowing the bases to be read in order

59
Q

transgenic mice

A

cloned gene introduced to ova/embryonic stem cells, creating a trans gene

allows genetic modifications and disease to be studied in mice

60
Q

knockout mice

A

gene intentionally deleted to allow for model in which to study disease

Kaplan Biochemistry (9 decks)

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