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Kaplan Biochemistry > Ch. 6: DNA and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Ch. 6: DNA and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

nucleosides

A

nitrogenous base covalently linked to the base to C-1’ of a five-carbon sugar (pentose)

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

1+ phosphate groups attached to C-5’ of a nucleoside

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3
Q

pentose in RNA

A

ribose

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4
Q

pentose in DNA

A

deoxyribose (H group instead of OH at the 2’)

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5
Q

what base appears almost exclusively in DNA

A

Thymine

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6
Q

purines

A
  • two rings
  • adenine (A) and guanine (G)
  • pure angels
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7
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • one ring
  • cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
  • cut the pye
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8
Q

what base appears almost exclusively in RNA

A

uracil

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9
Q

complementary base pairing

A

A + T (two H bonds)

C + G (three H bonds)

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10
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

%A = %T and %C = %G

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11
Q

B-DNA

A

DNA with right-handed double helix

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12
Q

Z-DNA

A

DNA with high GC content or high salt concentration

zig zagged

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13
Q

denaturing

A

DNA separates into two strands as hydrogen bonds are broken by

  • heat
  • alkaline pH
  • chemicals
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14
Q

reannealing

A

two complementary strands of DNA becoming paired again as conditions are slowly returned to baseline

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15
Q

probe DNA

A

DNA with a known sequence added to a solution of target DNA sequences

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16
Q

chromatin

A

DNA wound around histones

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17
Q

histones

A

basic proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin

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18
Q

structure of a histone

A
  • core of two copies of each histone protein (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)
  • sealed off from unraveling with H1
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19
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histone core

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20
Q

nucleoproteins

A

proteins that associate with DNA

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21
Q

heterochromatin

A
  • DNA that remains compacted during interphase
  • appears dark under microscopy
  • transcriptionally silent
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22
Q

euchromatin

A
  • DNA that is uncoiled during interphase
  • appears light under microscopy
  • genetically active
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23
Q

telomere

A

repeating unit at the end of DNA that prevents chromosomal shortening

TTAGGG

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24
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme that replaces telomere sequence after each round of replication

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25
centromeres
- region of DNA at the center of chromosomes - heterochromatin - high GC content = strong binding "sites of constriction"
26
replisome/replication complex
specialized proteins that assist the DNA polymerases
27
origins of replication
points at which DNA begins to unwind
28
replication fork
sites on either side of the origin of replication where DNA generation proceeds in both directions
29
how are sister chromatids created
as replication forks move towards each other but remain connected at centromere
30
helicase
enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA
31
single-stranded DNA-binding proteins
bind to the unraveled DNA strand to prevent reassociation or degradation
32
nucleases
cleave DNA
33
DNA topoisomerase
introduces negative superoils to alleviate torsional stress
34
supercoiling
when DNA wraps on itself and condenses its helical structure toward the telomeres
35
semiconservative replication
retainment of one parent strand in each new double strand of DNA
36
DNA polymerase
read the parent strand in the 3' - 5' direction and synthesized the daughter strand in the 5' - 3' direction
37
leading strand
read 3' to 5' and complement synthesized 5' to 3' in a continuous fashion
38
lagging strand
copied into okazaki fragments in direction opposite of the replication fork
39
primase
synthesizes RNA primers in the 5' to 3' direction to start replication on each strand
40
DNA polymerase alpha, delta, and sigma
synthesize DNA
41
RNase H
removes RNA primers
42
DNA polymerase delta
replaces RNA with DNA
43
DNA ligase
seals DNA molecules together
44
why do cancer cells divide freely
- divide w/o stimulation from other cells | - not subject to the normal controls on cell proliferation
45
oncogenes
genes that have been mutated and cause cancer
46
proto-oncogenes
genes that can promote the cell cycle and become oncogenes if they become mutated
47
anti-oncogenes
genes that normally function to suppress tumor formation and can lead to cancer growth if mutated
48
proofreading
check for h-bond stability between complementary strands that occurs in the DNA polymerase enzyme
49
mismatch repair
repair of replication errors during the G2 phase that were missed during the S phase
50
nucleotide excision repair
cut and patch repair of sections of DNA containing thymine dimers
51
base excision repair
cut and patch repairs of single bases containing small, non-helix-distorting mutations
52
DNA cloning
produces large amounts of a desired sequence by forming a recombinant vector and growing it in a colony
53
recombinant vector
vector + DNA of interest
54
restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases)
enzymes that recognize palindromic double-stranded DNA sequences and cuts through the helix back bone
55
hybridization
joining of complementary base pair sequences
56
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
automated process that produces millions of copies of a DNA sequence without bacterial amplification. DNA of interest is denatured, replicated, and reannealed
57
southern blot
used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample
58
DNA sequencing
replication with dideoxyribonucleotide produces many fragments which are separated by size and read by the last base in the fragment, allowing the bases to be read in order
59
transgenic mice
cloned gene introduced to ova/embryonic stem cells, creating a trans gene allows genetic modifications and disease to be studied in mice
60
knockout mice
gene intentionally deleted to allow for model in which to study disease

Kaplan Biochemistry (9 decks)

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