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AP CH 6 Bone > CH 6 Bone > Flashcards

CH 6 Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Type of mature connective tissue that remodels and repairs on daily basis?

A

Bone Tissue

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2
Q

Study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders?

A

Osteology

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3
Q

Bone tissue make up about_____percent of the body’s weight?

A

18%

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4
Q

6 main functions of bone?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Assistance in Movement
  • Mineral Homeostasis
  • Blood Cell Production
  • Triglycerides
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5
Q

With functions of bone the attachment point for tendons and ligaments is for what?

A

Support

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6
Q

With functions of bone example of protection?

A

Cranial Bones Protect Brain

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7
Q

Which function of bone is when muscles pull on bones?

A

Assistance in Movement

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8
Q

Which function of bone stores minerals; calcium and phosphorus for bone hardness?

A

Mineral Homeostasis

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9
Q

Which function of bone stores red bone marrow and is involved in homeopoiesis (hematopoiesis)?

A

Blood Cell Production

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10
Q

Which function of bone is energy reserve?

A

Triglycerides (fat) Storage

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11
Q

With the structure of a long bone this is the shaft (body) and has cylindrical portion?

A

Diaphysis

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12
Q

With the structure of a long bone this is the distal and proximal ends?

A

Epiphysis

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13
Q

With the structure of a long bone this joins diaphysis with the epiphyses?

A

Metaphysis

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14
Q

Metaphysis has growing bones that consist of_____ (_____) _____which is hyaline cartilage thats involved in bone growth in_____?

A
  • Epiphseal (growth) Plate
  • Length
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15
Q

At the age of 18 - 21 bone stop growing in _____ and the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone called the?

A
  • Length
    -Epiphyseal Line
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16
Q

With structures of a long bone this is where hyaline cartilage covers epiphysis that reduces friction and absorbs shock at synovial joints?

A

Articular Cartilage

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17
Q

With structure of a long bone this is the outer bone covering?

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

The bone - forming cells with periosteum permit bone growth in _____ but not in _____?

A
  • Thickness
  • Length
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19
Q

With structures of a long bone this protects bone assist in fracture repair and serves as a attachment point for ligaments and tendons?

A

Periosteum

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20
Q

The periosteum is _____ in blood vessels and nerves?

A

Rich

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21
Q

With structure of a long bone this store’s yellow (fatty) bone marrow in adults?

A

Medullary (marrow) Cavity

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22
Q

With structures of a long bone this is the inner membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

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23
Q

With bone tissue histology this surrounds bone cells?

A

Extracellular Matrix

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24
Q

Bone matrix is _____% water _____% collagen fibers and _____ % crystallize mineral salts?

A
  • 25
  • 25
  • 50
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25
Q

When calcium phosphate combines with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite?

A

Mineral Salts

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26
Q

With mineral salts this is most abundant?

A

Calcium Phosphate

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27
Q

With mineral salts calcium phosphate combined with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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28
Q

With bone tissue histology this is the process of depositing salts that hardens (ossfies) bone?

A

Calcification

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29
Q

What are the 4 bone cell types?

A
  • Osteogenic Cells
  • Osteoblast Cells
  • Osteocyte Cells
  • Osteoclast Cells
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30
Q

Which bone cell type is bone stem cells that undergo mitosis (cell division) forming osteoblast?

A

Osteogenic Cells

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31
Q

Which bone cell type is immature bone building cells?

A

Osteoblast

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32
Q

Which bone cell type is mature bone cells formed from osteoblast that maintain daily metabolism (exchange of nutrients and waste with blood)?

A

Osteocytes

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33
Q

Which bone cell type functions in resorption where it resorbs (crushes) bone for growth maintenance and repair and regulates blood calcium levels?

A

Osteoclast

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34
Q

2 bone types?

A
  • Compact (dense)
  • Spongy (cancellous)
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35
Q

Which of the 2 bone types is the most common (80%) and is the strongest bone type with few spaces between bone cells and forms the exterior of all bones?

A

Compact (dense)

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36
Q

Which of the 2 bone types is 20% of bone and appears like sponge it lightens bone and some are filled with red bone marrow?

A

Spongy (cancellous)

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37
Q

With compact bone structure these are horizontal canals for blood vessels?

A

Perforating Canals

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38
Q

With compact bone structure these are structural units that consist of central canal with concentrically arranged lameliae lucunae and canaliculi?

A

Osteons (harversian system)

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39
Q

What are the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone?

A
  • Harversian (central) Canals
  • Concentric Lamellae
  • Lucunae
  • Canaliculi
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40
Q

Which of the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone are vertical canals?

A

Harversian (central) Canals

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41
Q

Which of the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone are rings of calcified matrix around the central canals like the rings of a tree trunk?

A

Concentric Lamellae

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42
Q

Which of the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone contain osteocytes?

A

Lucunae

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43
Q

Which of the 4 structural units of the osteons in compact bone have small channels that extend from lucume and forms systems that permits osteocytes to exchange nutrients and waste with blood?

A

Canaliculi

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44
Q

Consist of trabeculae thin columns of bone arranged in a irregular lattice?

A

Spongy (cancellous) Bone

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45
Q

Which type of bone lightens bone?

A

Spongy (cancellous) Bone

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46
Q

Some adult spongy bone are filled with _____ bone marrow?

A

Red

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47
Q

Some adult spongy bone are filled with red bone marrow like the axial skeleton minus _____ bones _____ bones and ends of long bones?

A
  • Facial
  • Pelvic
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48
Q

Spongy bone is involved in blood cell production which is called?

A

Hemopoiesis

49
Q

Bone blood and nerve supplys have _____ blood and nerve supply?

A

Rich

50
Q

This measures bone density where the amount of radioactive tracer absorbed depends on blood flow?

A

Bone Scan

51
Q

With bone scans which area have increased blood flow; bone cancer or abnormal growth?

A

Darker Areas (hotspots)

52
Q

With bone scans which area have decreased blood flow; degenerative bone disease (Osteopoiesis)?

A

Lighter Areas (cold spots)

53
Q

Bone formation?

A

Ossification

54
Q

2 methods of ossification?

A
  • Intramembranous Ossification
  • Endochondral Ossification
55
Q

Which of the 2 ossification methods begins before birth where bones form from mesenchyme; like cranial bones and clavicle?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

56
Q

Which of the 2 ossification methods is the most common method where bones are formed directly from cartilage?

A

Endochondral Ossification

57
Q

Intramembranous ossification has 4 steps?

A
  • Ossification Center Develops
  • Calcification
  • Trabeculae Develop
  • Periosteum Develops
58
Q

With intramembranous ossification which step is where mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblast ossification center and osteoblasts secrete bone matrix?

A

Ossification center develops (step 1)

59
Q

With intramembranous ossification which step is where osteoblast mature into osteocytes and calcium and other mineral salts deposited hardening matrix?

A

Calcification (step 2)

60
Q

With intramembranous ossification which step is where osteoblast forms spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae Develops (step 3)

61
Q

With intramembranous ossification which step has compact bone that replaces spongy bone at the surface?

A

Periosteum Develops (step 4)

62
Q

With intramembranous ossification the last step has newly formed bone _____(destroyed and reformed) as bone is transformed into its adult size and shape?

A

Remodeled

63
Q

Endochondral ossification has 6 steps?

A
  • Cartilage Model Develops (step 1)
  • Growth of Cartilage Model (step 2)
  • Primary Ossification Center Develops (step 3)
  • Medullary Cavity Develops (step 4)
  • Secondary Ossification Center Develops (step 5)
  • Epiphyseal Plate and Articular Cartilage Develops (step 6)
64
Q

With endochondral ossification which step has mesenchymal cells that form chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells)?

A

Cartilage Model Develops (step 1)

65
Q

With endochondral ossification which step is where chondroblasts form cartilage matrix then mature into chondrocytes?

A

Growth of Cartilage Model (step 2)

66
Q

With endochondral ossification step 2 growth of cartilage model has interstitial growth which is growth in _____ and appositional growth which is growth in _____ and addition of matrix to periphery?

A
  • Length
  • Thickness
67
Q

With endochondral ossification which step is at the middle of the diaphysis where blood vessels penetrate cartilage?

A

Primary Ossification Center Develops (step 3)

68
Q

With step 3 when primary ossification center develops bone _____ most cartilage?

A

Replaces

69
Q

With step 3 primary ossification moves toward _____ _____ of cartilage model?

A

Both Ends

70
Q

With endochondral ossification which step is where osteoclasts breakdown some newly formed bone in diaphysis?

A

Medullary Cavity Develops (step 4)

71
Q

With endochondral ossification which step is where blood vessels enter epiphysis?

A

Secondary Ossification Center Develops (step 5)

72
Q

With endochondral ossification which step is where the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage developed?

A

Step 6

73
Q

With the epiphyseal plate the interstitial growth is growth in _____ where bone is added to the _____ side?

A
  • Length
  • Diaphyseal
74
Q

With the epiphyseal plate at age _____-_____ the plate is replaced by _____ line?

A
  • 18 - 20
  • Epiphyseal
75
Q

Epiphyseal plate has 4 zones?

A
  • Zone of Resting Cartilage (zone 1)
  • Zone of Proliferating Cartilage (zone 2)
  • Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage (zone 3)
  • Zone of Calcified Cartilage (zone 4)
76
Q

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is nearest epiphysis where chondrocytes are at rest and anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis?

A

Zone of Resting Cartilage (zone 1)

77
Q

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is where chondrocytes divide to replace those that die at diaphyseal side of plate?

A

Zone of Proliferating Cartilage (zone 2)

78
Q

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is where chondrocytes enlarge and mature?

A

Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage (zone 3)

79
Q

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is nearest diaphysis?

A

Zone of Calcified Cartilage (zone 4)

80
Q

Zone of calcified cartilage (zone 4) is where osteoclasts dissolve _____ (_____) chondrocytes and osteoblasts add bone on _____ side?

A
  • Calcified (dead)
  • Diaphyseal
81
Q

With appositional growth (growth of thickness) bone is _____ by osteoblast on _____ surface?

A
  • Deposited
  • Outer
82
Q

With appositional growth (growth of thickness) bone line medullary cavity is _____ by osteoclasts?

A

Destroyed

83
Q

With appositional growth (growth of thickness) the medullary cavity _____ as bone increases in _____?

A
  • Enlarges
  • Thickness
84
Q

Ongoing replacement of old bone with new bone?

A

Bone Remodeling

85
Q

Bone removal by osteoclasts?

A

Bone Resorption

86
Q

Bone addition by osteoblasts?

A

Bone Deposition

87
Q

Activity of osteoblasts?

A

Bone Homeostasis

88
Q

Activity of osteoclasts?

A

Balances

89
Q

Osteoblast > osteoclast activity?

A

Spurs

90
Q

Osteoclast > osteoblast activity?

A

Osteoporosis

91
Q

Calcium and phosphorus bone hardness blood clotting nerve and muscle physiology is what factor affecting bone growth?

A

Minerals

92
Q

Collagen synthesis; tensile strength is what factor affecting bone growth?

A

Vitamin C

93
Q

Absorbs dietary calcium is what factor affecting bone growth?

A

Vitamin D

94
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes _____(children) and _____(adults)?

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia
95
Q

Sex hormones stimulate osteoblast activity growth spurt is what factor affecting bone growth?

A

Hormones

96
Q

_____-_____ exercises increase bone density?

A

Weight - Bearing

97
Q

With types of bone fractures any break in a bone is a?

A

Fracture

98
Q

With types of bone fractures when bone protrudes through skin is a?

A

Open (compound) Fracture

99
Q

With types of bone fractures this does not break skin?

A

Closed (simple) Fracture

100
Q

With types of bone fractures this is a partial fracture where one side breaks and the other side bends and occurs only in children?

A

Greenstick Fracture

101
Q

With types of bone fractures this is fractured bone driven into another?

A

Impacted Fracture

102
Q

With types of bone fractures the distal fibula is fractured; severely evert ankle?

A

Pott’s Fracture

103
Q

With types of bone fractures the distal radius is fractured; wrist hyperextended?

A

Colles Fracture

104
Q

4 steps of bone fracture repair?

A
  • Formation of Fracture Hematoma (step 1)
  • Fibrocartilaginous Callus (step 2)
  • Bone Callus (step 3)
  • Bone Remodeling (step 4)
105
Q

With bone fracture repair which step has a blood clot and phagocytes and osteoclast begin to remove damaged tissue?

A

Formation of Fracture Hematoma (step 1)

106
Q

With bone fracture repair which step is where chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage and bridges broken ends of bone?

A

Fibrocartilaginous Callus (step 2)

107
Q

With bone fracture repair which step is where osteoblast produce spongy bone and replaces fibrocartilage?

A

Bony Callus (step 3)

108
Q

With bone fracture repair which step has compact bone that replaces spongy bone at the surface?

A

Bone Remodeling (step 4)

109
Q

Within limits bone can alter its strength in response to changes in _____ _____?

A

Mechanical Stress

110
Q

Mechanical stresses strengthens bone tissue by increasing _____ of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers and help prevent _____?

A
  • Deposition
  • Osteoporosis
111
Q

_____ Mechanical stress bone does not remodel normally and bone resorption _____ bone formation?

A
  • Without
  • Outpaces
112
Q

During middle age sex hormones decline especially in _____ after _____ and has higher incidence of _____?

A
  • Women
  • Menopause
  • Osteoporosis
113
Q

With aging and bone tissue osteoclast resorption outpaces osteoblast deposition and bone mass decreases is what?

A

Osteoporosis

114
Q

With aging and bone tissue this is loss of calcium and other minerals that result in decreased bone mass?

A

Demineralization

115
Q

With aging and bone tissue this is decreased protein synthesis where bones become susceptible to fractures loss of height and teeth?

A

Brittleness

116
Q

Which bone cancer; most often occurs in teenagers during growth spurts?

A

Osteogenic Sarcoma

117
Q

Bone infection; usually caused by bacterial Staphylococcus infection; open fractures abscessed teeth burns or upper respiratory infections?

A

Osteomyelitis

118
Q

Reduced bone mass such as osteoporosis?

A

Osteopenia

AP CH 6 Bone (1 decks)

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