CH 6 Bone Flashcards
1
Q
Type of mature connective tissue that remodels and repairs on daily basis?
A
Bone Tissue
2
Q
Study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders?
A
Osteology
3
Q
Bone tissue make up about_____percent of the body’s weight?
A
18%
4
Q
6 main functions of bone?
A
- Support
- Protection
- Assistance in Movement
- Mineral Homeostasis
- Blood Cell Production
- Triglycerides
5
Q
With functions of bone the attachment point for tendons and ligaments is for what?
A
Support
6
Q
With functions of bone example of protection?
A
Cranial Bones Protect Brain
7
Q
Which function of bone is when muscles pull on bones?
A
Assistance in Movement
8
Q
Which function of bone stores minerals; calcium and phosphorus for bone hardness?
A
Mineral Homeostasis
9
Q
Which function of bone stores red bone marrow and is involved in homeopoiesis (hematopoiesis)?
A
Blood Cell Production
10
Q
Which function of bone is energy reserve?
A
Triglycerides (fat) Storage
11
Q
With the structure of a long bone this is the shaft (body) and has cylindrical portion?
A
Diaphysis
12
Q
With the structure of a long bone this is the distal and proximal ends?
A
Epiphysis
13
Q
With the structure of a long bone this joins diaphysis with the epiphyses?
A
Metaphysis
14
Q
Metaphysis has growing bones that consist of_____ (_____) _____which is hyaline cartilage thats involved in bone growth in_____?
A
- Epiphseal (growth) Plate
- Length
15
Q
At the age of 18 - 21 bone stop growing in _____ and the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone called the?
A
- Length
-Epiphyseal Line
16
Q
With structures of a long bone this is where hyaline cartilage covers epiphysis that reduces friction and absorbs shock at synovial joints?
A
Articular Cartilage
17
Q
With structure of a long bone this is the outer bone covering?
A
Periosteum
18
Q
The bone - forming cells with periosteum permit bone growth in _____ but not in _____?
A
- Thickness
- Length
19
Q
With structures of a long bone this protects bone assist in fracture repair and serves as a attachment point for ligaments and tendons?
A
Periosteum
20
Q
The periosteum is _____ in blood vessels and nerves?
A
Rich
21
Q
With structure of a long bone this store’s yellow (fatty) bone marrow in adults?
A
Medullary (marrow) Cavity
22
Q
With structures of a long bone this is the inner membrane that lines the medullary cavity?
A
Endosteum
23
Q
With bone tissue histology this surrounds bone cells?
A
Extracellular Matrix
24
Q
Bone matrix is _____% water _____% collagen fibers and _____ % crystallize mineral salts?
A
- 25
- 25
- 50
25
When calcium phosphate combines with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite?
Mineral Salts
26
With mineral salts this is most abundant?
Calcium Phosphate
27
With mineral salts calcium phosphate combined with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of?
Hydroxyapatite
28
With bone tissue histology this is the process of depositing salts that hardens (ossfies) bone?
Calcification
29
What are the 4 bone cell types?
- Osteogenic Cells
- Osteoblast Cells
- Osteocyte Cells
- Osteoclast Cells
30
Which bone cell type is bone stem cells that undergo mitosis (cell division) forming osteoblast?
Osteogenic Cells
31
Which bone cell type is immature bone building cells?
Osteoblast
32
Which bone cell type is mature bone cells formed from osteoblast that maintain daily metabolism (exchange of nutrients and waste with blood)?
Osteocytes
33
Which bone cell type functions in resorption where it resorbs (crushes) bone for growth maintenance and repair and regulates blood calcium levels?
Osteoclast
34
2 bone types?
- Compact (dense)
- Spongy (cancellous)
35
Which of the 2 bone types is the most common (80%) and is the strongest bone type with few spaces between bone cells and forms the exterior of all bones?
Compact (dense)
36
Which of the 2 bone types is 20% of bone and appears like sponge it lightens bone and some are filled with red bone marrow?
Spongy (cancellous)
37
With compact bone structure these are horizontal canals for blood vessels?
Perforating Canals
38
With compact bone structure these are structural units that consist of central canal with concentrically arranged lameliae lucunae and canaliculi?
Osteons (harversian system)
39
What are the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone?
- Harversian (central) Canals
- Concentric Lamellae
- Lucunae
- Canaliculi
40
Which of the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone are vertical canals?
Harversian (central) Canals
41
Which of the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone are rings of calcified matrix around the central canals like the rings of a tree trunk?
Concentric Lamellae
42
Which of the 4 structural units of osteons in compact bone contain osteocytes?
Lucunae
43
Which of the 4 structural units of the osteons in compact bone have small channels that extend from lucume and forms systems that permits osteocytes to exchange nutrients and waste with blood?
Canaliculi
44
Consist of trabeculae thin columns of bone arranged in a irregular lattice?
Spongy (cancellous) Bone
45
Which type of bone lightens bone?
Spongy (cancellous) Bone
46
Some adult spongy bone are filled with _____ bone marrow?
Red
47
Some adult spongy bone are filled with red bone marrow like the axial skeleton minus _____ bones _____ bones and ends of long bones?
- Facial
- Pelvic
48
Spongy bone is involved in blood cell production which is called?
Hemopoiesis
49
Bone blood and nerve supplys have _____ blood and nerve supply?
Rich
50
This measures bone density where the amount of radioactive tracer absorbed depends on blood flow?
Bone Scan
51
With bone scans which area have increased blood flow; bone cancer or abnormal growth?
Darker Areas (hotspots)
52
With bone scans which area have decreased blood flow; degenerative bone disease (Osteopoiesis)?
Lighter Areas (cold spots)
53
Bone formation?
Ossification
54
2 methods of ossification?
- Intramembranous Ossification
- Endochondral Ossification
55
Which of the 2 ossification methods begins before birth where bones form from mesenchyme; like cranial bones and clavicle?
Intramembranous Ossification
56
Which of the 2 ossification methods is the most common method where bones are formed directly from cartilage?
Endochondral Ossification
57
Intramembranous ossification has 4 steps?
- Ossification Center Develops
- Calcification
- Trabeculae Develop
- Periosteum Develops
58
With intramembranous ossification which step is where mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblast ossification center and osteoblasts secrete bone matrix?
Ossification center develops (step 1)
59
With intramembranous ossification which step is where osteoblast mature into osteocytes and calcium and other mineral salts deposited hardening matrix?
Calcification (step 2)
60
With intramembranous ossification which step is where osteoblast forms spongy bone?
Trabeculae Develops (step 3)
61
With intramembranous ossification which step has compact bone that replaces spongy bone at the surface?
Periosteum Develops (step 4)
62
With intramembranous ossification the last step has newly formed bone _____(destroyed and reformed) as bone is transformed into its adult size and shape?
Remodeled
63
Endochondral ossification has 6 steps?
- Cartilage Model Develops (step 1)
- Growth of Cartilage Model (step 2)
- Primary Ossification Center Develops (step 3)
- Medullary Cavity Develops (step 4)
- Secondary Ossification Center Develops (step 5)
- Epiphyseal Plate and Articular Cartilage Develops (step 6)
64
With endochondral ossification which step has mesenchymal cells that form chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells)?
Cartilage Model Develops (step 1)
65
With endochondral ossification which step is where chondroblasts form cartilage matrix then mature into chondrocytes?
Growth of Cartilage Model (step 2)
66
With endochondral ossification step 2 growth of cartilage model has interstitial growth which is growth in _____ and appositional growth which is growth in _____ and addition of matrix to periphery?
- Length
- Thickness
67
With endochondral ossification which step is at the middle of the diaphysis where blood vessels penetrate cartilage?
Primary Ossification Center Develops (step 3)
68
With step 3 when primary ossification center develops bone _____ most cartilage?
Replaces
69
With step 3 primary ossification moves toward _____ _____ of cartilage model?
Both Ends
70
With endochondral ossification which step is where osteoclasts breakdown some newly formed bone in diaphysis?
Medullary Cavity Develops (step 4)
71
With endochondral ossification which step is where blood vessels enter epiphysis?
Secondary Ossification Center Develops (step 5)
72
With endochondral ossification which step is where the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage developed?
Step 6
73
With the epiphyseal plate the interstitial growth is growth in _____ where bone is added to the _____ side?
- Length
- Diaphyseal
74
With the epiphyseal plate at age _____-_____ the plate is replaced by _____ line?
- 18 - 20
- Epiphyseal
75
Epiphyseal plate has 4 zones?
- Zone of Resting Cartilage (zone 1)
- Zone of Proliferating Cartilage (zone 2)
- Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage (zone 3)
- Zone of Calcified Cartilage (zone 4)
76
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is nearest epiphysis where chondrocytes are at rest and anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis?
Zone of Resting Cartilage (zone 1)
77
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is where chondrocytes divide to replace those that die at diaphyseal side of plate?
Zone of Proliferating Cartilage (zone 2)
78
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is where chondrocytes enlarge and mature?
Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage (zone 3)
79
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is nearest diaphysis?
Zone of Calcified Cartilage (zone 4)
80
Zone of calcified cartilage (zone 4) is where osteoclasts dissolve _____ (_____) chondrocytes and osteoblasts add bone on _____ side?
- Calcified (dead)
- Diaphyseal
81
With appositional growth (growth of thickness) bone is _____ by osteoblast on _____ surface?
- Deposited
- Outer
82
With appositional growth (growth of thickness) bone line medullary cavity is _____ by osteoclasts?
Destroyed
83
With appositional growth (growth of thickness) the medullary cavity _____ as bone increases in _____?
- Enlarges
- Thickness
84
Ongoing replacement of old bone with new bone?
Bone Remodeling
85
Bone removal by osteoclasts?
Bone Resorption
86
Bone addition by osteoblasts?
Bone Deposition
87
Activity of osteoblasts?
Bone Homeostasis
88
Activity of osteoclasts?
Balances
89
Osteoblast > osteoclast activity?
Spurs
90
Osteoclast > osteoblast activity?
Osteoporosis
91
Calcium and phosphorus bone hardness blood clotting nerve and muscle physiology is what factor affecting bone growth?
Minerals
92
Collagen synthesis; tensile strength is what factor affecting bone growth?
Vitamin C
93
Absorbs dietary calcium is what factor affecting bone growth?
Vitamin D
94
Vitamin D deficiency causes _____(children) and _____(adults)?
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia
95
Sex hormones stimulate osteoblast activity growth spurt is what factor affecting bone growth?
Hormones
96
_____-_____ exercises increase bone density?
Weight - Bearing
97
With types of bone fractures any break in a bone is a?
Fracture
98
With types of bone fractures when bone protrudes through skin is a?
Open (compound) Fracture
99
With types of bone fractures this does not break skin?
Closed (simple) Fracture
100
With types of bone fractures this is a partial fracture where one side breaks and the other side bends and occurs only in children?
Greenstick Fracture
101
With types of bone fractures this is fractured bone driven into another?
Impacted Fracture
102
With types of bone fractures the distal fibula is fractured; severely evert ankle?
Pott's Fracture
103
With types of bone fractures the distal radius is fractured; wrist hyperextended?
Colles Fracture
104
4 steps of bone fracture repair?
- Formation of Fracture Hematoma (step 1)
- Fibrocartilaginous Callus (step 2)
- Bone Callus (step 3)
- Bone Remodeling (step 4)
105
With bone fracture repair which step has a blood clot and phagocytes and osteoclast begin to remove damaged tissue?
Formation of Fracture Hematoma (step 1)
106
With bone fracture repair which step is where chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage and bridges broken ends of bone?
Fibrocartilaginous Callus (step 2)
107
With bone fracture repair which step is where osteoblast produce spongy bone and replaces fibrocartilage?
Bony Callus (step 3)
108
With bone fracture repair which step has compact bone that replaces spongy bone at the surface?
Bone Remodeling (step 4)
109
Within limits bone can alter its strength in response to changes in _____ _____?
Mechanical Stress
110
Mechanical stresses strengthens bone tissue by increasing _____ of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers and help prevent _____?
- Deposition
- Osteoporosis
111
_____ Mechanical stress bone does not remodel normally and bone resorption _____ bone formation?
- Without
- Outpaces
112
During middle age sex hormones decline especially in _____ after _____ and has higher incidence of _____?
- Women
- Menopause
- Osteoporosis
113
With aging and bone tissue osteoclast resorption outpaces osteoblast deposition and bone mass decreases is what?
Osteoporosis
114
With aging and bone tissue this is loss of calcium and other minerals that result in decreased bone mass?
Demineralization
115
With aging and bone tissue this is decreased protein synthesis where bones become susceptible to fractures loss of height and teeth?
Brittleness
116
Which bone cancer; most often occurs in teenagers during growth spurts?
Osteogenic Sarcoma
117
Bone infection; usually caused by bacterial Staphylococcus infection; open fractures abscessed teeth burns or upper respiratory infections?
Osteomyelitis
118
Reduced bone mass such as osteoporosis?
Osteopenia
