Ch. 6 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the medical term for the adam’s apple?
thyroid cartilage
What do ligaments connect?
bone to bone
What do tendons connect?
muscle to bone
The top, back, and sides of the skull
cranium
The front of the skull
face
What is the lower jaw bone?
mandible
What are the upper jaw bones?
maxillae
What bones surround the eyes?
orbits
What bones provide structure to cheeks?
zygomatic arches
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?
33
What are the 5 divisions of the spine?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
What is the medical term for the chest?
thorax
What is the internal space formed by the bones of the thorax?
thoracic cavity
What is the medical term for the breastbone?
sternum
What is the basin-shaped bony structure at the bottom of the spine?
pelvis
The superior and widest portion of the pelvis
ilium
The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
ischium
The medial anterior portion of the pelvis
pubis
The pelvic socket into which the ball end of the femur fits
acetabulum
The superior portion of the sternum
manubrium
The inferior portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
The large bone of the thight
femur
The kneecap
patella
The medial and larger bone of the lower leg
tibia
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
fibula
The protrusion on the side of the ankle at the lower end of the fibula?
lateral malleolus
The protrusion on the side of the ankle at the lower end of the tibia
medial malleolus
The ankle bones
tarsals
The foot bones
metatarsals
The heel bone
calcaneus
The toe bones and finger bones
phalanges
The collarbone
clavicle
The shoulder blade
scapula
the highest portion of the shoulder
acromion process
The joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
acromioclavicular joint
The bone of the upper arm
humerous
The lateral bone of the forearm
radius
The medial bone of the forearm
ulna
The wrist bones
carpals
The hand bones
metacarpals
The point where two bones come together
joint
A muscle that can be controlled consciously
voluntary muscle
A muscle that responds automatically to brain signals
involuntary muscle
Specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
cardiac muscle
The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own
automaticity
Another word for the respiratory system
pulmonary system
The area directly posterior to the mouth
oropharynx
The area directly posterior to the nose
nasopharynx
The area directly posterior to the mouth and nose
pharynx
A leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
epiglottis
The voice box
larynx
The ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larnyx
cricoid cartilage
The opening of the trachea
glottis
The “windpipe”; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
trachea
The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs
bronchi; singular bonchus
The microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place
alveoli
The branches of the bonchi as they split into the lungs
bronchioles
The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
Muscles of the rib cage
intercostal muscles
Movement of gases to and from the alveoli
ventilation
Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells
respiration
Upper chambers of the heart
atria
Lower chambers of the heart
ventricles
Part of the heart that receives unoxygenated blood from the body
Right atrium
Two major veins that return blood from the body to the right atrium
venae cavae (superior and inferior)
Receives oxygenated blood returning from the lunbs
Left atrium
Sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
Sends oxygen-rich blood to the body
Left ventricle
Largest artery in the body; it transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation
aorta
System of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
cardia conduction system
Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
artery
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart
Coronary arteries
Muscle of the heart
myocardium
Begins at the right ventricle; carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
pulmonary artery
Major artery of the neck
carotid artery
Major artery of the thigh
femoral artery
Artery in the upper arm
brachial artery
Artery that travels through and supplies the lower arm
radial artery
Artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
posterior tibial artery
Artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
dorsalis pedis artery
Smallest kind of artery
arteriole
thin-walled, microscopic blood vessels where the oxygen/c02 and nutrient/waste exchange takes place
capillary
Smallest kind of vein
venule
Any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
vein
Collects blood that is returned from the head and upper body
superior venae cavae
Collects blood that is returned from below the heart
inferior venae cavae
The vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
Fluid portion of the blood
plasma
Components of the blood that carry oxygen to and CO2 away from the cells
red blood cells
Components of the blood that help the body fight infection
white blood cells
Components of the blood that are membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
platelets
Rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
pulse
Radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses
peripheral pulses
Carotid and femoral pulses
central pulses
The force blood exerts on walls of blood vessels
blood pressure
The pressure created when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulations
systolic blood pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
diastolic blood pressure
The supply of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
perfusion
Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients
Hypoperfusion (shock)
The respiratory system and the cardiovascular system
the cardiopulmonary system
The system composed of organs, tissues, and vessels that help to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contribute to the body’s immune system
lymphatic system
The system of brain spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought
nervous system
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs
peripheral nervous system
series of nervous pathways in the brain responsible for keeping one awake
reticular activating system
type of nerve that pick up information from the body and transmit it to the spinal cord and brain
sensory nerves
type of nerve that carry messages from the brain to the body
motor nerves
division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions
autonomic nervous system
division of the peripheral nervous system that triggers fight or flight response
sympathetic nervous system
division of the peripheral nervous system that is engaged in times of relaxation; feed or breed response
parasympathetic nervous system
system by which food travels through the body and is digested
digestive system
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where food digestion begins
stomach
organ that receives food from the stomach and continues to break it down
small intestine
three components of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed toward excretion
large intestine
largest organ of the body; produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances
liver
serves as a storage system for bile from the liver
gallbladder
gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in the digestion of food
pancreas
an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood
spleen
a small tube located near the intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
appendix
name for the system that is primarily composed of the skin
integumentary system
outer layer of the skin
epidermis
how many layers does the epidermis have
4 except at hands and feet (5 there)
second layer of the skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves
dermis
layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
subcutaneous layer
system of glands that produce hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions
endocrine system
a hormone produced by the pancreas; critical to the body’s use of sugar
insulin
a hormone produced by the adrenal glands; also known as adrenaline
epinephrine
the body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood
renal (urinary) system
organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body
kidneys
round saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine
bladder
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine
urethra
the body system that is responsible for human reproduction
reproductive system
male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm
testes
egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system
ovaries
