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Bio 168 > Ch 6 A&P > Flashcards

Ch 6 A&P Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bone or (osseous tissue)

A

connective tissue that forms most of the skeleton

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2
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid tissue the is flexibility and has smooth surfaces that helps movement

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3
Q

skeletal system

A

contains bones, cartilage, help performs critical functions.
(helps support the body, movement, internal organs, blood cells, stores and releases minerals and fats)

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4
Q

Orthopedist (ortho- =”straight”; paed- = “child”)

A

specializes in treating and diagnosing injuries related to the musculoskeletal system

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5
Q

Yellow marrow

A

serve as source of energy

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6
Q

red marrow (hematopoiesis)

A

production of blood cells (red, white and platelets)

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7
Q

Long bone

A

cylinder shape
function: leverage
bones: femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges

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8
Q

Short

A

cube shape
functions: stability, some motion
bones: carpals, tarsals

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9
Q

flat

A

thin and curved
functions: attachment for muscles, protects internal organs
bones: sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones

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10
Q

irregular

A

complex shape
functions: protects internal organs
bones: vertebrae, facial bones

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11
Q

sesamoid

A

small round; embedded in tendons
functions: protect tendons from forces
bones: patellae

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft and runs between proximal and distal ends of the bone

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13
Q

epiphysis (plural = epiphyses)

A

proximal and distal of the diaphysis

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14
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow region that is filled with yellow marrow that is in the diaphysis

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15
Q

compact bone

A

walls of the diaphysis that are dense and hard

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16
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

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17
Q

endosteum (end- =”inside”; oste- =”bone”)

A

growth, repair and remodeling

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18
Q

periosteum (peri- =”around” or “surrounding”)

A

outer surface of the bone which contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to help nourish compact bone

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19
Q

articular cartilage

A

reduces friction and shock absorber

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20
Q

diploe

A

lined on either side of the compact bone, both compact and interior spongy bone work together to protect organs

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21
Q

Articulations

A

2 bones meet
ex: knee joint

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22
Q

head

A

rounded surface
ex: head of femur

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23
Q

facet

A

flat surface
ex: vertebrae

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24
Q

condyle

A

rounded surface
ex: occipital condyles

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25
Q

projections

A

raised markings
ex: spinous process of the vertebrae

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26
Q

protuberance

A

protruding
ex: chin

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27
Q

process

A

prominence feature
ex: transverse process of vertebra

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28
Q

spine

A

sharp process
ex: ischial spine

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29
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded process
ex: tubercle of humerus

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30
Q

line

A

slight, elongated ridge
ex: temporal lines of the parietal bones

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31
Q

crest

A

ridge
ex: lliac crest

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32
Q

holes

A

holes and depressions
ex: foramen (blood vessels can pass through)

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33
Q

fossa

A

elongated basin
ex: mandibular fossa

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34
Q

fovea

A

small pit
ex: head of the femur

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35
Q

sulcus

A

groove
ex: sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones

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36
Q

canal

A

passage in bone
ex: auditory canal

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37
Q

fissure

A

slit through bone
ex: auricular fissure

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38
Q

foramen

A

hole through bone
ex: magnum in the occipital bone

39
Q

meatus

A

opening into canal
ex: external auditory

40
Q

Sinus

A

air filled space
ex: nasal sinus

41
Q

osteogenic

A

Stem cells
function: develop into osteoblasts
location: deep layer periosteum and the marrow

42
Q

osteoblasts

A

forms bone matrix
function: bone formation
location: growing portions

43
Q

osteocytes

A

Maintains bone tissue
functions: mineral concentration of matrix
location: entrapped in matrix

44
Q

osteoclasts

A

resorbs bone
function: bone resorption
location: bone surface sites of old, injured and unneeded bone

45
Q

lacuna

A

surrounded by bone tissue which is located in a space of the osteocyte

46
Q

canaliculi (singular = canaliculus)

A

channels within bone matrix to communicate and receive nutrients

47
Q

osteon

A

microscopic structural unit of the compact bone. they are composed of matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella)

48
Q

central canal

A

contains blood vessels nerves and lymphatic vessels and runs down the center of each osteon

49
Q

perforating canal

A

volksmann’s canals which extend periosteum and endosteum

50
Q

spongy bone aka (cancellous bone)

A

contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, and are not arranged in concentric circles

51
Q

trabeculae ( singular = trabecula)

A

forms along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone. Making the muscle move more easily.

52
Q

Paget’s disease

A

bones are porous and curved, bones affected are pelvis, skull, spine and legs

53
Q

nutrient foramen (plural = foramina)

A

arteries enter in which are small openings in the diaphysis. blood passes through marrow cavities collected by veins and then passes out of the bone through foramina

54
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A

bone development in the 6th or 7th week

55
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue are directed from compact and spongy bone

56
Q

ossification center

A

part of the osteoblasts will appear in a cluster that is spread out by the formation of bone tissue

57
Q

osteoid

A

uncalcified matrix, calcifies (hardens) within a few days that the mineral salts deposited on therefor entrapping the osteoblasts within

58
Q

endochondral ossification

A

where bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

59
Q

perichondrium

A

membrane which covers the cartilage

60
Q

primary ossification center

A

deep in the periosteal collar where the ossification begins

61
Q

secondary ossification center

A

where the matrix mineralization, death of chondrocytes, invasion of blood vessels from periosteum and seeding of osteogenic cells become osteoblasts are centers of the activity

62
Q

reserve zone

A

closest to the epiphyseal end plate that contains small chondrocytes within the matrix

63
Q

proliferative zone

A

next layer towards diaphysis, which contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes to replace those that die.

64
Q

zone of maturation and hypertrophy

A

older and larger that are in the proliferative zone.

65
Q

zone of calcified matrix

A

closest to diaphysis are dead, the matrix around them has calcified

66
Q

epiphyseal line

A

are mature bones from the epiphyseal plate

67
Q

modeling

A

deposition of new bone beneath the periosteum not only increase the diameter of the diaphysis also increase the diameter of the medullary cavity

68
Q

remodeling

A

resorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same surface where new bone to replace which is resorbed

69
Q

fracture

A

broken bone

70
Q

closed reduction

A

broken bone is set into natural position without surgery

71
Q

open reduction

A

surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone

72
Q

transverse

A

straight across the long axis bone

73
Q

oblique

A

an angle that is not 90 degrees

74
Q

spiral

A

segments pulled apart as a result of twisting motion

75
Q

comminuted

A

several brakes, small pieces between two large segments

76
Q

impacted

A

one fragment driven into the other which result of compression

77
Q

greenstick

A

partial fracture only one side is broken

78
Q

fracture hematoma

A

blood clot forms after 6 to 8 hours after fracture

79
Q

internal callus (plural = calli)

A

48 hours after fracture, chondrocytes form endosteum by creating fibrocartilaginous matrix between two ends of broken bones

80
Q

external callus

A

hyaline cartilage and bone, respectively, outside of the break

81
Q

calcium

A

needed to make calcium which form hydroxyapatite crystals that gives bone its hardness

82
Q

vitamin D

A

calcium absorption

83
Q

vitamin K

A

supports bone mineralization, effect with vitamin d

84
Q

magnesium

A

component of bone

85
Q

fluoride

A

component of bone

86
Q

omega-3 fatty acids

A

reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function

87
Q

Growth hormone

A

increases length, enhances mineralization, improves bone density

88
Q

thyroxine

A

bone growth, synthesis of bone matrix

89
Q

sex hormones

A

osteoblastic activity, production of bone matrix, adolescent growth spurt, conversion of epiphyseal plate and line

90
Q

calcitriol

A

absorption of calcium and digestive tract

91
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

osteoclast proliferation, resorption bone by osteoclasts; reabsorption of calcium by kidney tubules; increases calcium absorption by small intestine

92
Q

calcitonin

A

osteoclast activity and calcium uptake by bones

93
Q

hypocalcemia

A

abnormally low levels of calcium, adverse effect on the body system (circulation, muscles, nerves and bone)

94
Q

hypercalcemia

A

abnormally high levels of calcium, nervous system is underactive which result in (lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation, loss of appetite, confusion, severe cases, coma)

Bio 168 (1 decks)

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