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GEOG 2400 > CH 6-9 > Flashcards

CH 6-9 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Deforestation

A

The removal of trees or forest for human developement.

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2
Q

Africa

A

The area with the highest rate of forest loss.

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3
Q

Closed Canopy Forest

A

Forest where trees’ crowns cover most of the ground.

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4
Q

Old Growth Forests

A

Forests that have been undisturbed by humans.

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5
Q

Pulpwood

A

Fastest growing forest product.

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6
Q

Agriculture

A

The main reason for deforestation in Western Africa and Southeast Asia.

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7
Q

Debt for Nature Swaps

A

When a conservation group buys a country’s debt in exchange for the country restoring and protecting natural areas.

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8
Q

Monoculture Forestry

A

Single species, single use intensive cropping.

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9
Q

Clear Cutting

A

Cutting down all the trees in an area.

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10
Q

Shelterwood Harvesting

A

Mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts.

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11
Q

Strip Cutting

A

All trees in a narrow pathway are cleared, then reseeded by surrounding trees.

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12
Q

Selective Cutting

A

Only a small percentage of mature trees are cut in 10-20 year rotation.

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13
Q

Desertification

A

The expansion of deserts.

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14
Q

Pastoralists

A

People who live by herding animals.

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15
Q

Cow Welfare

A

Government loses $47 million annually leasing land for grazing.

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16
Q

Rotational Grazing

A

Confining animals to a small area for a short time, then moving to a new area (similar to animals in nature).

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17
Q

African Sahel

A

Environmentally fragile area south of the Sahara Desert.

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18
Q

Yellowstone

A

1st national park on earth.

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19
Q

Banff National Park

A

1st national park in Canada, est. 1887.

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20
Q

Mt. Mitchell

A

Tallest mountain in the Appalachians; tree tops killed by acid rain.

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21
Q

Acadia National Park

A

Park in Maine; summer air 50% above safe level.

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22
Q

Corridors

A

Walkways built over highways for animals.

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23
Q

Ecotourism

A

A combination of adventure travel and nature appreciation in wild places.

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24
Q

Coral Reefs

A

Most threatened marine ecosystem.

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25
Poaching
Large animal problem in Africa.
26
Transgenic Crops/GMOs
Crops that have undergone gene splicing through genetic engineering.
27
Frankenstein Foods
What Europeans call US genetically altered foods.
28
Poverty
The greatest threat to food security.
29
Food Security
The ability to obtain food on a day-to-day basis.
30
Meat
A food that is expensive to produce, making it a good indicator of wealth.
31
India
The largest hungry nation on earth.
32
Central Africa
Region with highest percent of hungry people.
33
Nigeria
Country where home gardens on 2% of cropland produce 50% of food families eat.
34
Famine
Large scale food shortages, massive starvation, social disruptions, economic chaos.
35
Politics, Environmental Conditions, Economics
Three reasons why the UN reports 60 million people in 30 nations needed emergency food.
36
Political oppression and armed conflict
Two factors almost always at the root of a famine.
37
Free press
No democratic with one has ever had a major famine.
38
Malnourishment
A nutritional imbalance caused by improper diet.
39
Anemia
Most common nutritional problem in the world. Occurs due to low iron levels.
40
Vitamin A Deficiency
Nutritional problem causing 350,000 to go blind and 1 million to die annually. Affects 100-140 million children at any given time.
41
Kwashiorkor
Illness characterized by swollen belly, lack of protein, reddish orange hair.
42
Marasmus
Greek for "to waste away"; child shrivels up like old starving person.
43
International Financial Speculation & Biofuel Production
Two new causes for world hunger.
44
Heavy subsidies
Government support for growing and processing crops for biofuels. Without them, biofuels are not viable.
45
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Growing rice in China; using land to the maximum and just barely getting by.
46
Extensive subsistence agriculture
Lapps herding reindeer; using the natural bounty of the land to just barely get by.
47
Intensive commercial agriculture
A Midwestern feedlot; using land to maximum capacity to make money.
48
Extensive commercial agriculture
Wheat farming on the Great Plains, Pampas, Ukraine; using what grows naturally to make money.
49
E-COLI 0157-H7
Disease which 25% of all US cattle have. It only takes 2 or 3 cells to kill a person.
50
Locavore
A person who consumers locally produced food.
51
Tragedy of the Commons
What happens when a resource is not regulated, people take until the resource is gone.
52
Pedology
The study of soils.
53
Soil profile
A cross section of soil.
54
Soil horizon
A layer in the soil profile.
55
Pedon
1 to 10 sq meter cross section of soil from the surface to the bedrock.
56
Humus
A mixture of decomposed organic materials, dark in color.
57
Leaching
Organic water-soluble particles are carried by water to lower level in the soil profile.
58
Eluviation
Non-water-soluble particles are carried by water to a lower level in the soil profile.
59
7th approximation system
US Soil Conservation Service's soil classification system
60
Podzolization
Soil formation in cool, wet areas, slow bacterial decay, layer of pine needles and leaves on the surface, forms and acid soil, leaching and eluviation present.
61
Calcification
Soil formation in dry land, rich in humus, little leaching and eluviation, great farmland
62
Laterization
Soil formation in hot, wet areas, heavily leached and eluviated, infertile soil, porous, red due to oxidation of iron in the soil.
63
Gleization
Soil formation in cold, wet climates with poor drainage conditions, accumulation of humus above water-saturated gray layer of clay.
64
Oxisols
Tropical soils
65
Histosols
Organic soils
66
Spodosols
Northern pine forest soils
67
Andisols
Volcanic soils
68
Aridisols
Desert soils
69
Alfisols
Moderately weathered forest soils
70
Ultisols
Heavily weathered forest soils
71
Mollisols
Grassland soils
72
Entisols
Recent undeveloped soils
73
Inceptisols
Weakly developed soils
74
Gelisols
Cold frozen soils
75
Vertisols
Expandable clay soils

GEOG 2400 (3 decks)

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