Ch. 6 & 7: Planning and Management: Perspectives, Processes, and Methods Flashcards
why do public agencies prefer more standardized approaches when problem solving?
Because it’s consistent, easier to defend and justify, and treats all areas or regions the same, rather than special treatment
What is neoliberalism?
It’s a political theory based on the belief that human well-being is best achieved through individual freedom and very minimal govt intervention
What is a vision?
It represent a realistic, credible, and attractive future for a region, community or group; this is needed because its important for managers to determine desirable future conditions when planning out problem solving
-in order for a shared vision to be approved of by the public, it needs to be consistent w/ and reflect basic values and ethics; although some desirable future do need a shift in fundamental values
What is an ethic?
A set of moral principles and values that guide the actions or decision of an individual or group
-it’s helpful to have clearly articulated foundation based on ethic principle from which can guide our behavior (ex/ treat others the way you wanna be treated); however sometimes ethical principles cause conflict and we may not know if the consequences of an action conflicts w/ an ethic until after
What is an ecocentric view? What about the technocentric view?
-It’s the belief that there’s a harmonious and natural balanced relationship between living things, which human disrupt through ignorance and presumptions (similar to biocentric view in 1st ch.)
-Technocentric view is the assumption that humankind is able to understand, control, manipulate, the environment in order to suit their purposes (similar to the anthropocentric view in 1st ch.)
What are the characteristics of a ecosystem approach?
- Used to get a systematic understanding of the ecosystem of interest
-decisions made at one place or scale have implications for other places or scales
-highlights that systems are dynamic or continuously changing
-demands that links between social and natural systems should be considered
-Ethic perspectives of ecosystem approaches focus on:
-the importance of non-human species
- future generations, dignity
- well-being and integrity for natural and social systems
What were the problems the ecosystem approach was made to address?
-Viewing ppl and their actions as separate from nature
-Fragmenting knowledge or disciplines
-emphasizing single resource use
-not recognizing the many ways that socio-economical and ecological systems are connected
-Ignoring the tendency of systems to change
-Being reactive and attempting to eliminate uncertainty
Why is it important to have a long-term view in environmental management?
-because systems change slowly, and lots of time may to needed for values, attitudes and behaviors to change; but some changes do happen quickly w/ out warning so we need to be flexible and adaptive
-Many environmental problems emerge over decades or centuries, which can’t just be fixed in a few yrs
What is social learning?
Learning that applies not just to ppl, but to social collectives like organizations, communities, and networks
-it’s just not enough to merely include stakeholders in environ management, but we should engage ppl and organizations to learn from their experiences and become more knowledgeable
What is single-loop, double & triple-loop social learning?
Single-loop - makes sure there’s a match between intent and outcome
Double & triple loops - addresses a mismatch between intent and outcome; challenges underlying values and behaviors, and encourages thinking outside the box
Why was giving responsibility for decision-making to citizens viewed as dangerous by public agencies?
Because it could easily turn into a chaotic situation where there are no laws or governance and no one would be held accountable for their actions and behavior
What are the rungs on the ladder of citizen participation?
1.) Manipulation - committees rubber-stamp political decisions
2. ) Therapy - power-holders educate or ‘cure’ citizens
3.) Info - citizens rights and option are identified
4.) Consultation - citizens are heard, but not really considered
5.) Placation - advice is received from citizens but not acted on
6.) Partnerships - Trade-offs are non-negotiated
7.) Delegation - citizens are given management responsibility for all parts of the program
What makes a stakeholder?
-Any public agency w/ related management responsibilities
-All interests majorly affected by a decision
-All parties who might intervene in the decision-making process to encourage, block, or delay it
What are SLAPPs?
-Stands for Strategic Lawsuit/litigation against Public Participation; It is a mix of strategies some firms have used as response to accusations that they are the cause of environmental and social problems and have a responsibility to fix them
Strategies include:
- Reluctantly accepting it or complying
-Comprising or bargaining
-Avoiding, concealing, escape
- dismissing or challenging
- manipulating, influencing, or controlling
