Ch. 6 Flashcards
What are the 2 categories of essential nutrients?
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
Any substance that must be provided to an organism (because the organism cannot manufacture by itself) is called an ________
Essential Nutrient
The molecules of organic nutrients contain ______ and ______
Carbon and hydrogen
An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic from is called a _______
heterotroph
An organism that uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source is called an _______ or “self-feeder”
autotroph- since autotrophs can convert CO2 into an organic compound, they are not nutritionally dependent on other living things.
Microbes that gain energy from photosynthesis are called ________
phototrophs
Microbes that gain energy by metabolizing nutrients from other organisms are called ______
chemotrophs
______ makes up the majority of cytoplasmic volume
water
What are the essential nutrients for microbes
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfur (CHONPS)
When molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
diffusion
______ solutions have a tonicity that is the same as the body’s plasma
isotonic
_____ solutions have a tonicity that is higher than the body’s plasma
hypertonic
____ solutions have a tonicity that is lower than the body’s plasma
hypotonic
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ______
osmosis
What term is used to describe the lowest temperature in which a microbe can survive?
Minimum Temperature
True or False: Microbial Cells can maintain a constant internal temperature regardless of the temperature of their environment.
False. Microbial cells are unable to control their temperature and therefore take on the ambient temperature of their habitat.
The highest temperature that supports a microbe’s growth and metaoblism
Maximum Temperature
Mid-range between minimum and maximum temperature that that promotes fastest growth and metabolism
optimal temperature
An organism that grows optimally in the cold is called a ______
psychrophile
An organism that grows optimally in moderate temperatures is called a _______
mesophile
An organism that grows optimally in high temperatures is called a ______
thermophile
Which gas has the greatest impact on microbial growth?
oxygen
Microbes that live in hypertonic conditions
osmophiles
Prefer high concentrations of salt
halophiles
A bacterium that requires carbon dioxide at higher levels than that of the atmosphere
capnophiles
Any microbe that grows best in an environment without oxygen
anaerobe
______ exists when organisms live in a mutually beneficial relationship
mutualism
In a ______ relationship, the member called the _______ receives benefits, while its partner is neither harmed or benefited.
commensalism; commensal
Relationship where host provides organism with nutrients and a habitat
parasitism
General term for a situation where 2 organisms live together in a close relationship
symbiosis
Association between 2 free-living species that arises when members of a community compete
antagonism
The production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics
antibiosis
An interrelationship between 2 or more free-living organisms that benefits them but is not necessary for their survival
Synergism
Process in which bacteria grow
binary fission
What is the most relevant aspect to bacterial growth
Their numbers (population size)
List the 4 stages in the normal growth curve of a bacterial cell
Lag Phase, Exponential Growth (or Log Phase), Stationary Growth Phase, Death Phase
