Ch. 6

Question 1

What can be defined as “a tough, fibrous, connective tissue covering”?

Answer 1

periosteum

Question 2

T/F The periosteum contains blood vessels that enter the bone and supply its cells.

Answer 2

T

Question 3

What can be defined as “the end portion of a long bone”?

Answer 3

epiphysis

Question 4

What can be defined as “the portion between the epiphyses of a long bone”?

Answer 4

diaphysis

Question 5

T/F Articular cartilage is a form of hyaline cartilage.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

The medullary cavity and the spaces of spongy bone are lined with which type of membrane?

Answer 6

endosteum

Question 7

What can be defined as “red blood cell formation, occurring in the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae”?

Answer 7

hematopoiesis

Question 8

Compact bone is also known as ______ bone.

Answer 8

dense

Question 9

Spongy bone is also known as ____________ bone.

Answer 9

cancellous

Question 10

The bars and plates found in spongy bone are called…

Answer 10

trabeculae

Question 11

Definition: unspecialized cells present in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the central canal of compact bone

Answer 11

osteoprogenitor cells

Question 12

Definition: bone-forming cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells; also responsible for secreting the matrix characteristic of bone

Answer 12

osteoblasts

Question 13

Definition: the mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts; Once the osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix, they become the _________ in bone.

Answer 13

osteocytes

Question 14

Definition: thought to be derived from monocytes, a type of white blood cell found in red bone marrow

Answer 14

osteoclasts

Question 15

______________ perform bone reabsorptoin, meaning that they break down bone and assist in depositing calcium and phosphate in the blood

Answer 15

osteoclasts

Question 16

Definition: formation of bone

Answer 16

ossifcation

Question 17

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 17

intramembranous & endochondral

Question 18

In which type of ossification do bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 18

intramembranous

Question 19

In intramembranous ossification, cells derived from ___________ tissue become osteoblasts that form a matrix resembling the trabeculae of spongy bone.

Answer 19

connective

Question 20

In intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts associated with the ______________ lay down compact bone over the surface of the spongy bone.

Answer 20

periosteum

Question 21

Most bones in the human skeleton form by _______________ ossification.

Answer 21

endochondral

Question 22

In which type of ossification are the hyaline cartilage models from birth replaced with bone?

Answer 22

endochondral

Question 23

In which type of ossification does the long bone begin to break down in the center of its diaphysis, leaving room for osteoblasts to invade the region and lay down spongy bone, later being broken down by osteoclasts, creating the medullary cavity?

Answer 23

endochondral

Question 24

When osteoblasts begin to lay down spongy bone in the shaft of a long bone, this place can be referred to as what?

Answer 24

primary ossification center

Question 25

When spongy bone forms and does not break down in a long bone, a band of cartilage called an ____________ _________ forms.

Answer 25

epiphyseal plate

Question 26

Bones may increase their diameter when osteoprogenitor cells in the inner periosteum convert to osteoblast cells, which add more matrix to the surface of the bone. This is called...

Answer 26

appositional growth

Question 27

T/F In the adult body, bone is never broken down and built back up again.

Answer 27

F

Question 28

Which type of cell, derived from monocytes, breaks down bone and removes worn cells, assisting in depositing calcium in the blood?

Answer 28

osteoclasts

Question 29

Which type of cell helps form new bone?

Answer 29

osteoblasts

Question 30

High levels are necessary to prevent which disease, during which bones become frail and brittle?

Answer 30

osteoporosis

Question 31

How many hormones does the growth of a bone employ?

Answer 31

20 or more

Question 32

Which three hormones are the most important in regulating bone growth?

Answer 32

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, & growth hormone

Question 33

Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?

Answer 33

bones of the skull, hyoid bone, the vertebral column, & the thoracic cage

Question 34

Definition: "air spaces lined by mucous membranes that reduce the weight of the skull and give the voice a resonant sound"

Answer 34

sinuses

Question 35

Definition: "infection or inflammation of the paranasal (maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal) sinuses"

Answer 35

sinusitis

Question 36

Definition: "a condition that can lead to deafness; an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses"

Answer 36

mastoiditis

Question 37

Definition: "immovable joints connecting the bones of the cranium"

Answer 37

sutures

Question 38

Parts of the cranium:

Answer 38

2 parietal bones, frontal bone, an occipital bone, 2 temporal bones, a sphenoid bone, & an ethmoid bone

Question 39

Which bone forms the forehead, a portion of the nose, and the superior portions of the orbits?

Answer 39

frontal bone

Question 40

Which bone(s) form the roof of the cranium and help form its sides?

Answer 40

parietal bones

Question 41

Which bone(s) form the posterior part of the skull and the base of the cranium?

Answer 41

occipital bones

Question 42

Definition: "a large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes"

Answer 42

foramen magnum

Question 43

Definition: "rounded processes on either side of the foramen magnum that articulate with the first vertebra of the spinal column"

Answer 43

occipital condyles

Question 44

What bone is just inferior to the parietal bones on the sides of the cranium, also helping form the base of the cranium?

Answer 44

temporal bones

Question 45

Definition: "a canal that leads to the middle ear"

Answer 45

external acoustic meatus (temporal bone)

Question 46

Definition: "articulates with the mandible"

Answer 46

mandibular fossa (temporal bone)

Question 47

Definition: "provides a place of attachment for certain neck muscles"

Answer 47

mastoid process (temporal bone)

Question 48

Definition: "provides a place of attachment for muscles associated with the tongue and larynx"

Answer 48

styloid process (temporal bone)

Question 49

Definition: "projects anteriorly and helps form the cheekbone"

Answer 49

zygomatic process (temporal bone)

Question 50

Which bone helps form the sides and floor of the cranium and the rear wall of the orbits?

Answer 50

sphenoid bone

Question 51

Definition: "the saddle-shaped midportion of the sphenoid bone, housing the pituitary gland"

Answer 51

sella turcica

Question 52

Which bone is anterior the sphenoid bone, helping form the floor of the cranium, contributing to the medial sides of the orbits and forming the roof and sides of the nasal cavity?

Answer 52

ethmoid bone

Question 53

Definition: "a triangular process that serves as an attachment for membranes that enclose the brain"

Answer 53

crista galli (ethmoid bone)

Question 54

Definition: "tiny holes in the crista galli that serve as passageways for nerve fibres from the olfactory receptors"

Answer 54

cribiform plate

Question 55

Definition: "the plate that projects downwards to form the superior part of the nasal septum"

Answer 55

perpendicular plate

Question 56

Definition: "bones which project toward the perpendicular plate, increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity"

Answer 56

superior and middle nasal conchae

Question 57

A bone of the face that forms the upper jaw, contributes to the floors of the orbits, and to the sides of the floor of the nasal cavity.

Answer 57

maxillae

Question 58

Which maxillary process contains the tooth sockets for teeth?

Answer 58

alveolar

Question 59

Which maxillary process contains the left and right palatine process from the anterior portion of the hard palate?

Answer 59

palatine

Question 60

Which bone of the face contributes to the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, also helping form the posterior portion of the hard palate?

Answer 60

palatine

Question 61

The hard palate consists of 2 things?

Answer 61

1. portions of the maxillae; 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bone

Question 62

Which facial bone forms the sides of the orbits, also contributing to the cheekbones?

Answer 62

zygomatic bone

Question 63

The most prominent feature of the cheekbone consists of a temporal process connected to a zygomatic process, and this is called a ______________ _________.

Answer 63

zygomatic arch

Question 64

Which facial bone(s) are located on the medial walls of the orbits, dealing with carrying tears from the eyes to the nose?

Answer 64

lacrimal bones (2)

Question 65

Which facial bones are small, rectangular and form the bridge of the nose?

Answer 65

nasal bones

Question 66

Which facial bone joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the inferior part of the nasal septum?

Answer 66

vomer bone

Question 67

Which facial bone(s) are curved bones that form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity, projecting into the nasal cavity and supporting the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity?

Answer 67

inferior nasal conchae

Question 68

Which facial bone is the lower jaw, the only moveable portion of the skull?

Answer 68

mandible

Question 69

Each ramus on the mandible has a ____________ condyle (articulating with a temporal bone) and a ____________ process (serving as a place of attachment for the muscles used for chewing).

Answer 69

mandibular condyle; coronoid process

Question 70

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone in the body.

Answer 70

hyoid bone

Question 71

Which bone anchors the tongue and serves as the attachment site for several muscles associated with swallowing?

Answer 71

hyoid bone

Question 72

Vertebrae are named according to their location. What are they?

Answer 72

7 cervical (neck); 12 thoracic (chest); 5 lumbar (back); 5 sacral (fused to form sacrum); 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae (fused to form one coccyx

Question 73

An abnormally exaggerated lumbar curvature.

Answer 73

lordosis or "swayback"

Question 74

An increased roundness of the thoracic curvature.

Answer 74

kyphosis or "hunchback"

Question 75

An abnormal curvature (side-to-side).

Answer 75

scoliosis

Question 76

A vertebral disk that has become weakened with age and may slip or rupture.

Answer 76

herniated disk

Question 77

Which type of vertebrae are short and tend to have a split or bifurcation?

Answer 77

cervical

Question 78

Which type of vertebrae have an opening in the transverse process, called a transverse foramen?

Answer 78

cervical

Question 79

Which vertebrae have long,slender spines that project downwards?

Answer 79

thoracic

Question 80

Which type of vertebrae are large and square, projecting posteriorly?

Answer 80

lumbar

Question 81

Which cervical vertebrae supports and balances the head, allowing for up and down movement?

Answer 81

atlas

Question 82

Which cervical vertebrae has an odontoid process that projects into the ring of the atlas, allowing for sideways motion?

Answer 82

axis

Question 83

The coccyx is also known as the ______________.

Answer 83

tailbone

Question 84

How many pair of ribs does a human have?

Answer 84

12

Question 85

The sternum is composed of three bones that fuse during fetal development. What are the three bones?

Answer 85

the manubrium, the body, & the xiphoid process

Question 86

The bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs are a part of which schedule?

Answer 86

appendicular skeleton