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AP BIO Vocab > Ch. 5 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

A

Fat

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2
Q

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic Acid

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3
Q

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkage.

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

A

Monomer

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5
Q

the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

A

Bioinformatics

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6
Q

level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.

A

Primary Structure

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7
Q

the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

A

Ribose

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8
Q

the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

A

Deoxyribose

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9
Q

a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain.

A

Fatty Acid

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10
Q

a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

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11
Q

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

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12
Q

a technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.

A

X-ray Crystallography

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13
Q

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation and as the genome of some viruses.

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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14
Q

a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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15
Q

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups.

A

Nucleotide

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16
Q

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer nods to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

A

Disulfide Bridge

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17
Q

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

A

Protein

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18
Q

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.

A

Sickle-cell Disease

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20
Q

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.

A

Quaternary Structure

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21
Q

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and Uracil ((U) are pyrimidines.

A

Pyrimidine

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22
Q

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G), are ____.

A

Purines

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23
Q

any group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

A

Lipid

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24
Q

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

A

Steroid

25
Q

a coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

A

Alpha (a) Helix

26
Q

one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and we are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

A

Beta β Pleated Sheet

27
Q

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

28
Q

an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

A

Amino Acid

29
Q

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

A

Polysaccharide

30
Q

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

Disaccharide

31
Q

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O

A

Monosaccharide

32
Q

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.

A

Cholesterol

33
Q

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

Peptide Bond

34
Q

a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.

A

Transcription Factor

35
Q

the systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.

A

Genomics

36
Q

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

A

Dehydration Reaction

37
Q

any several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

A

Organelle

38
Q

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

A

Chitin

39
Q

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

A

Carbohydrate

40
Q

the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

A

Gene Expression

41
Q

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

A

Glycogen

42
Q

referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5’ ® 3’ directions).

A

Antiparallel

43
Q

an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.

A

Trans Fat

44
Q

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

A

Double Helix

45
Q

a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

46
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

A

Polymer

47
Q

a discrete unit of heredity information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

A

Gene

48
Q

regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).

A

Secondary Structure

49
Q

a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.

A

Enzyme

50
Q

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.

A

Starch

50
Q

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

A

Glycosidic Linkage

50
Q

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.

A

Polynucleotide

51
Q

a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acids acts as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.

A

Phospholipid

52
Q

a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A

Catalyst

53
Q

in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature.

A

Denaturation

54
Q

the systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions.

A

Proteomics

55
Q

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are ______.

A

Macromolecule

56
Q

the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

A

Tertiary Structure

57
Q

a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.

A

Hydrophobic Interaction

AP BIO Vocab (1 decks)

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