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Psych > Ch. 5 - Unconscious > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Unconscious Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

The way things seem to the conscious person

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3
Q

What are the 2 mysteries of the consciousness?

A
  1. The problem of other minds

2. The mind-body problem

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4
Q

How do people judge others minds? (2 ways)

A
  1. The capacity for experience

2. The capacity for agency

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5
Q

What comes first: brain activity, thoughts, or actions?

A

Brain activity

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6
Q

What is the Turing test?

A

A test of AI through conversations. If the person can tell its a robot then it fails

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic properties of consciousness?

A
  1. Intentionality
  2. Unity
  3. Selectivity
  4. Transience
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8
Q

What is dichotic listening and the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

Where people wearing headphones hear 2 different things in each ear. The cocktail phenomenon is when people tune out other sounds to tune into their name

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9
Q

What are the 3 levels of consciousness?

A
  1. Minimal consciousness
  2. Full-consciousness
  3. Self-consciousness
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10
Q

What is lock-in syndrome and is it a disorder of consciousness?

A

When a person is fully conscious (not a conscious disorder) but can’t move voluntary muscles

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11
Q

What is experience-sampling or ecological momentary assessment (EMA)? What does it show?

A

Where people are asked to report their conscious experience at particular times. Shows the conscious is dominated by the immediate environment

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12
Q

What is the default network and what is it involved in?

A

When people are not busy they still show a widespread pattern of activation in many areas of the brain. Involved in thinking about social life, about the self, and about the past/future

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13
Q

What is mental control?

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind

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14
Q

What is suppression?

A

the conscious avoidance of a thought

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15
Q

What is the rebound effect of suppression?

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with a greater frequency following suppression

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16
Q

What is the theory of ironic processes of mental control? Does it work in the consciousness? What is it needed for?

A

Ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them. It works outside of the consciousness and is needed for effective mental control

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17
Q

How did Freud’s psychoanalytic theory view unconsciousness?

A

a collection of hidden processes

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18
Q

What is Freud’s dynamic unconscious?

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the persons deepest instinct and desires, and the persons inner struggle to control these forces

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19
Q

What is repression and how does it relate to the conscious and unconscious?

A

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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20
Q

What is the current view of the unconscious?

A

A rapid, automatic info processor that influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

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21
Q

What is the cognitive unconscious?

A

all the mental processes that give rise to a persons thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person

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22
Q

What is the dual process theory? Describe system 1 and 2?

A

we have 2 diff systems in our brains for processing info. 1 is fast and effortless, 2 is slow and effortful

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23
Q

What did Kahneman believe about both system 1 and 2?

A

that they are both continuously active when we are awake

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24
Q

What is an altered state of consciousness? Give an example.

A

a form of experiences that departs from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind, ex. sleep

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25
Q

What is the pre-sleep state called?

A

hypnagogic state

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26
Q

What is the foggy post-sleep consciousness called?

A

hypnopompic

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27
Q

What is EEG? When was it made? What did it allow us to identify?

A

electroencephalograph, recordings of the brain, made in 1929. Allowed is to identify 5 stages of sleep

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28
Q

What frequencies are involved during waking?

A

alternate between high-frequency activity (beta waves) and lower-frequency activity (alpha waves) during relaxation

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29
Q

When do the largest changes in EEG occur?

A

during sleep

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30
Q

What happens in the first stage of sleep?

A

patterns lower than alpha waves (theta waves)

31
Q

What happens in the second stage of sleep?

A

the theta patterns are interrupted by short bursts of activity called sleep spindles and k complexes. the person becomes difficult to awaken

32
Q

What happens in the third and fourth stages of sleep?

A

slow-wave sleep, EEG patterns dhow delta waves (very slow)

33
Q

What is the fifth stage and what occurs?

A

REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movement and high level of brain activity. EEG pattern become high-frequency waves, similar to beta waves (the mind is as active as it is waking)

34
Q

What is an electrooculogram? What is it used for?

A

measures eye movements, found that sleepers wakened during REM periods reported having dreams much more often than those wakened during non-REM periods

35
Q

What stage of sleep is the neural equivalent of the ‘wave’ at a stadium?

A

slow wave sleep, there is a general synchronization of neural firing

36
Q

How do stages of REM change as the night goes on?

A

REM stages last longer as the night goes on with lighter sleep between those periods, lower wave stages disappearing halfway through the night

37
Q

What did Robert Stickgold find about perceptual tasks and sleep?

A

people learning a difficult perceptual task that are kept up all night after they’ve finished practicing the task, their learning of the task is wiped out, even after 2 nights of catch-up sleep

38
Q

How are sleep and memory related?

A

sleep following learning is essential for memory consolidation, memories deteriorate unless sleep locks it in

39
Q

What happened to rats deprived of sleep? How long until they died?

A

they have trouble regulating their body temp, lose weight, eat more. their bodily system break down and they die in 21 days

40
Q

How does sleep deprivation affect young people?

A

even a few hours of sleep deprivation each night can reduce mental acuity and reaction time, increase irritability and depression, and increase the risks of accidents and injury

41
Q

How do we know REM sleep is valuable?

A

because deprivation of it causes more REM the next nights sleep

42
Q

Does deprivation from high wave or slow wave sleep have more physical effects?

A

Slow-wave, with fatigue and hypersensitivity to muscle and bone pain

43
Q

What is insomnia? What are possible causes of it?

A

trouble falling and staying asleep.

  1. self induced (night shift)
  2. secondary insomnia (mental health)
  3. primary insomnia (no other causes)
44
Q

What is sleep apnea? How is it related to insomnia?

A

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods of time while asleep, when episodes occur for over 10 seconds and recur many times they can cause awakening and insomnia

45
Q

What is somnambulism? What stage of sleep is it most common?

A

sleepwalking, most common in slow-wave sleep early in the night. Not usually linked to other problems

46
Q

What is narcolepsy? What stage of sleep does it most affect?

A

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities, involves intrusion of dreaming state REM. appears to be genetic, can be treated with medicine

47
Q

What is sleep paralysis? What other disorder is it associated with? What stage of sleep does it interrupt?

A

the experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with narcolepsy. using happens when waking from REM sleep early in sleep cycle, dreamers usually don’t remember contents. can be accompanied by hypnopompic or hypnogogic hallucinations

48
Q

What are night terrors? What sleep cycles does it occur in?

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal, occurs in non-REM sleep early in sleep cycle, dreamers don’t usually remember contents

49
Q

What are cons of using sedatives to sleep?

A

They reduce slow-wave and REM sleep so the quality of sleep is not good. They create dependence and people build a tolerance

50
Q

What are the 5 major characteristics of dream conscious that distinguish it from waking?

A
  1. we intensely feel emotion
  2. dream thought is illogical
  3. sensation is fully formed, visual sensation is predominant and you may deeply experience sound, touch, and movement
  4. dreaming occurs with uncritical acceptance
  5. we have difficulty remembering the dream after its over
51
Q

How are dreams and sensation related?

A

A dream may incorporate sensation experienced during sleep (ex. being sprayed by water and dreaming of rain)

52
Q

What was the first (Freuds) psychological theory of dreams?

A

he proposed dreams are confusing and obscure because the dynamic unconscious creates them to be. the manifest content (apparent meaning) is a smoke screen for its latent content (underlying meaning)

53
Q

What’s the problem with Freuds theory of dreams?

A

Dreams have an infinite number of possible interpretations

54
Q

What is the connection between dreams and suppression?

A

there is evidence dreams feature the return of the suppressed thoughts

55
Q

What is the activation-synthesis model?

A

proposed dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep (no external sensation but brain keeps processing info)

56
Q

What areas of the brain are active during sleep?

A

the amygdala involved in responses to threatening or stressful events (REM), areas in brain responsible for visual perception are not active, the visual association areas in occipital lobe are active

57
Q

Why are dreams often unplanned and rambling?

A

during REM, the prefrontal cortex shows less arousal than during waking (except for lucid dreaming when person is aware they are sleeping)

58
Q

What stops you from moving during sleep?

A

the motor cortex is active in REM but spinal neurons through brain stem inhibit the expression of this motor activation so you don’t act out on dreams

59
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brains chemical message system

60
Q

What are the most common neurotransmitters?

A

serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine

61
Q

How do drugs affect neurotransmitters?

A

They prevent them from binding to sites of the postsynaptic neuron, by inhibiting their reuptake to the presynaptic neuron, or by enhancing their binding and transmission

62
Q

What are depressants? Can they cause dependence?

A

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system, can cause both physical and psychological dependence

63
Q

How does alcohol affect neurotransmitters?

A

it increases the activity of GABA which inhibits the transmission of neural impulses (therefore it is an inhibitor), a chemical that stops the firing of other neurons

64
Q

What are the 2 theories that account for why drugs cause different reactions in people?

A
  1. expectancy theory - people feel what they expect to

2. alcohol myopia - alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

65
Q

What are barbiturates and benzodiazepines?

A

barbiturates (like seconal or nembutal) are prescribed as sleep aids and anesthetics before surgery
benzodiazepines (like valium and xanax) are also minor tranquilizers and prescribed as antianxiety drugs. physical and physiological dependence is possible

66
Q

What are stimulants?

A

substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels (amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine, tobacco)

67
Q

How do stimulants affect neurotransmitters?

A

increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, inducing higher levels of activity in the brain circuits that depend on these neurotransmitters. as a result, they increase alertness and energy producing a euphoric sense of confidence and agitated motivation to get stuff done. produce physical and physiological dependence dependence

68
Q

What are narcotics?

A

Opium which comes from poppy seeds and its derivatives heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine are known as narcotics (or opiates). they are highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

69
Q

How do narcotics affect the brain?

A

They mimic the brains own internal relaxation and well-being system. the brains endorphin receptors are artificially flooded reducing receptor effectiveness and possibly also depressing the production of endorphins

70
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

they produce the most extreme alterations of consciousness, they alter sensation and perception and often cause auditory and visual hallucinations (LSD, PCP, and ketamine)

71
Q

How does marijuana affect the brain?

A

receptors in the brain that respond to THC are normally activated by a neurotransmitter called anandamide that is naturally produced in the brain, involved in regulation of moos, memory, appetite, and pain perception. physical dependence is not common but physiological dependence can occur

72
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

a social interaction in which one person makes a suggestion that lead to a change in another persons subjective experience of the world

73
Q

How does hypnosis affect memory?

A

people susceptible to hypnosis can be led to experience posthypnotic amnesia, the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

74
Q

How does hypnosis affect the body?

A

one effect is hypnotic analgesia, the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

Psych (3 decks)

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