Ch 5: Toddlerhood Flashcards
Why do episodes of waking become more frequent between ages of 1.5 and 2?
reemergence of teething; becoming aware that they’re not sleeping with parents, so they go to sleep with them
range of variation of when toddlers start walking for the first time?
9-17 months
ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time
deferred imitation
idea of Vygotsky, which is that development is always a cultural and social process
sociocultural theory
difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer
zone of proximal development
in Vygotsky’s theory, self-guiding and self-directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the zone of proximal development (comments can be audible or internal)
private speech
teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child) as they participate in a culturally valued activity
guided participation
ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of ways
- this is what separates human language from the languages of animals
infinite generativity
single word that is used to represent a whole sentence (used by toddlers)
holophrase
use of a single word to represent a variety of objects
overextension
applying a general word to a specific object (e.g. a child thinks the word “bear” refers solely to their stuffed animal)
underextension
learning and remembering the name for an object after just one time being told what the object is called
fast mapping
what is the importance of the emergence of the word “gone” in a toddler’s vocabulary?
symbolizes their recognition of object permanence
person who is sought out when a child experiences some type of distress or threat in the environment
primary attachment figure
what are the four types of attachment?
secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, disorganized-disoriented
