Ch 5 Theories and Therapies Flashcards
1
Q
Theory
A
statement that explains of describes relationship among events ideas or concepts
2
Q
Model
A
example or pattern that helps explain a theory
3
Q
Psychoanalytic theories include
A
those by freud
4
Q
Id
-comes from
A
instincts
governed by pleasure
-early childhood memories
5
Q
Ego
- when does it develop
- helps us to
A
active awareness consciousness -child becomes aware of self -around age 2 -cope with outside world
6
Q
Superego is formed by
A
attitudes values role expectations taboos rules ideals standards
7
Q
Superego
- conscience
- ego ideal
A
- punishes with guilt and anxiety
- rewards
8
Q
Freud’s theory of personality development
A
sexual instinct growth in 4 stages
9
Q
Freud believed humans were motivated by
A
procreation
10
Q
libidinal energy
A
need to seek sexual pleasure
11
Q
Psycho-sexual theory
- founder
- emotional disturbances from
A
- Freud
- instinctual biological drives
- early childhood
- unconscious attitudes and memories
- fixation from earlier psycho-sexual stages
- defenses to prevent change in person
12
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
strategies to reduce or avoid negative states
13
Q
commonly used defense mechanisms
A
denial
projection
fantasy
repression
14
Q
Therapies for psychoanalytic therapy
A
dream analysis
free association
transference relationship
15
Q
Dream analysis
A
superego sensors less
Id shows
interpret symbols
16
Q
Free association
A
first word that comes to mind
17
Q
transference relationship
A
transfer emotions from person in past to the therapist
18
Q
Analytic theory was founded by
A
Carl Jung
19
Q
Analytic theory believes
A
main driver is general life energy
adult personalities can change
20
Q
3 levels of analytic theory
A
- conscious ego
- personal unconscious
- collective conscious
21
Q
Archetypes
-what theory
A
stores of experience of all man’s ancestral past
Analytic
22
Q
Extrovert and introvert were coined by
A
Carl Jung
23
Q
Analytic theory is focused on
A
balance and wholeness
24
Q
primary effort in life for analytic theory
A
to gain more awareness
25
Psyche
mental and spiritual
26
Soma
physical body
27
Individual psychotherapy
- aka
- founder
- adlerian psychology
| - Alfred Adler
28
Individual psychotherapy
- infant
- child
- stars in position of inferiority
| - must learn to master his world
29
Individual psychotherapy
| -position of child in family creates
evaluation of self and others
30
Individual psychotherapy
| -goal of life
to gain mastery of environment by coping with
- work
- belonging
- social interaction
- interaction with other genders
31
how self relates to individual psychotherapy
must define self
| find meaning in life
32
Behavior in individual psychotherapy
meaningful only within social setting
33
to understand a person in individual psychotherapy
must see and hear for self
34
Mentally ill in individual psychotherapy
not mentally ill only discouraged
35
individual psychotherapy encourages client to
take responsibility to direct life in positive way
36
Basic anxiety
- founder
- child isolation
- Karen Horney
- not inherited
- result of social and cultural upbringing
37
Erich Fromm believed loneliness is
motivation for social interaction
38
Who developed idea of character/Personality types
Erich Fromm
39
interpersonal Psychology
- founder
- emphasises
- Harry Stack Sullivan
| - Social nature of people
40
Interpersonal psychology
| -identified what as having a critical role in personality development
anxiety
41
Interpersonal psychology
- personality
- Mental health problems
- -called
- pattern of interpersonal relationships
- result of distorted image of relationships
- -personification
42
Interpersonal psychology
| -anxiety
vague feeling of uneasiness as a result of stress
43
Interpersonal development
six stages from infancy to adolescence
44
Cognitive development
- founder
- personality is result of
- Jean Piaget
| - cognitive and emotional functions
45
developmental psycho-social task in cognitive development and when do they occur
Sensorimotor- birth to 2 yo
Preoperational- 2 to 7 yo
concrete operational- 8 to 11 yo
formal operational- 12 to 15 yo
46
sensorimotor stage
permanence
coordinated movements
goal directed behavior
imitation
47
Preoperational stage
symbolic mental ability
- thinking limited
- centered on self
- language as tool
- routine
- see only one part of situation
- only one dimension of object
- justifies behavior at all cost
48
Concrete operational stage
logical objective thinking
- understands math
- able to reflect and discover relationships in enviorment
49
formal operational stage
thinking abstractly
- consider all possibilities
- probability and proportions understood
- problem solving for conflicts
50
what is the foundation of behavioral theory
all behavior is learned
51
behavior in behavioral theory is result of
past learning
current motivation
biological differences
52
Objective psychology
- founder
- what is it
- B.F Skinner
| - only observable behavior in current situations can be analyzed
53
B.F Skinner theories include
- operant conditioning
- positive and negative reinforcement
- shaping
- programmed learning
- all organisms more to pleasure and away from pain
54
shaping
overall approach to changing observable behavior
55
programmed learning
new knowledge is broken into smaller bits and presented at the learner's pace
56
Joseph Wolpe believed
neuroses and anxiety are conditioned responses
57
Stimulus-response theory
- founder
- what is it
- Dollard and Miller
| - reward forms new behavioral responses
58
today emotional problems are believed to come from
- poor learning
- conditioning
- dysfunctional self-thinking
- lack of skills
- avoiding anxious situations
- misconceptions about reality
59
what is the focus of behavioral psychology today
- understanding current behavior
| - past is only important in how it effects present
60
Behavioral modification therapy
replace unacceptable with acceptable behavior
61
Assertiveness training
teaches to express self in constructive, non-aggressive ways
62
Humanistic theory
- focus on
- view on human
- Total individual
| - innately good, holistic and multidimensional
63
Gestalt means
whole
64
Gestalt theory emphasizes
| -founder
```
present
freedom
responsibility
attempts to become actualized
-Fredrick Perls
```
65
Maslow
- view on humans
- illness comes from
- innately good and have potential for self-fulfillment
| - unmet needs
66
Characteristics of self actualized people
- comfort with reality
- express self spontaneously
- independent and self directed
- emotional depth
- high social interest
- express creativity
- democratic values
- accepts self and others
- can solve problems
- need privacy and detachment
- intensify with humanity
- appreciate life
- gentle sense of humor
67
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological
- safety and security
- love and belonging
- esteem needs
- self actualization
68
Client centered therapy
- founder
- client role
- focus on
- Carl Rodgers
- directs therapeutic relationship
- self actualization, positive, permission to accept self
69
Actualizing Therapy
- founder
- goal
- Everett Shostrom
| - self actualization, learning to trust inner self
70
Logotherapy
- founder
- purpose
- Viktor Frankl
| - search for meaning and value in life
71
System theories
| -founder
Set of related units that humans function with in
| -Royce and Powell
72
Open system
boundries are passable
| organisms grow and flourish
73
Closed system
rigid, impassible boundaries
| organisms die
74
Field theory
- founder
- behavior
- focus
- rejects
- Kurt Lecuin
- must be considered within total situation
- only on immediate
- notions of past future or cause and effect
75
equilibrium
| -what theory is it part of
each system tries to maintain balance or steady state
| -field theory
76
Life space
- includes
- see behavior as
- what theory is it part of
psychological field or space in which we move
- self, other people and objects
- function
- field theory
77
Psychological tension
| -part of what theory
results from interaction of opposite systems
| -field theory
78
Maxwell Malts
| -beliefs
- behavior originates from within
| - ppl are open systems with input, output and regulating feedback mechanisms
79
Positive thinking
| -who made it
works by programming ones behavior to achieve desired self image
-Maxwell Malts
80
Cognition includes
- attention
- language
- imagery
- memory
- perception
- problem solving
81
rational psychotherapy
- founder
- mental illness
change ideas through reason and logic
- Paul DuBois
- comes from incorrect ideas
82
Social learning
- founder
- focus
- relationship between
- Albert Bandura
- learning through symbols, imitation, self regulation
- cognition and behavior
83
Social learning thinks you learn by
- observing outcomes
- -expectations and emotions
- -comparing self to others
- -making judgement based on expectations and emotions
84
Social learning
| -what determines behavior
-decistions
85
Goal of social learning
replace dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts by changing view point
86
Rational-emotive-behavioral therapy
- founder
- based on
- what determines behavior
- what theory is it part of
- Alfred Ellis
- irrational beliefs and unrealistic expectations for self
- the value placed on an event
- restructuring
87
goals of rational-emotive-behavioral therapy
- insight on irrational beliefs causing the behavior
- stop actively reinforcing disturbed behavior
- monitor effects of thought
- adopt more appropriate outlook by practicing more effective thoughts
88
Cognitive therapy
- founder
- part of what theory
- goals
- Aaron Beck
- restructuring
- recognize your self defeating tendencies
- replace them with adaptive thinking
89
self instructional training
- founder
- part of what theory
- undesirable behavior
- Donald Meichenbaum
- restructuring
- faulty instruction given in childhood
90
Self instructional training
| -therapy
using imagery, modeling and anxiety control to create new self talk patterns
91
Cognitive remediation therapy
- part of what theory
- used for
- develops
- restructuring
- brain injured children
- concentration, organization and confidence
92
Covert modeling
| -founder
coping skill
act of rehearsing different performances or event before doing it
-Joseph Cautela
93
Coping skills training
anxiety is introduced and you are trained to relax the images away
94
skills taught for coping skills
- anxiety management
- assertiveness
- progressive relaxation
- techniques to reduce physical response to stress
95
Problem solving
teaches to resolve problems in more constructive and satisfying ways
96
reality therapy
| -founder
people are born with certain basic needs
| -William Glasser
97
Reality therapy
| -needs
- to be loved and belong
| - to gain self worth, respect and recognition
98
reality therapy
| -mental illness
rooted in failures in social areas of functioning
| -ill people are irresponsible
99
right behavior in reality therapy
based on 3 Rs
- realistic
- responsible
- right
values, ethics and morals
100
reality therapy
- used for
- uses
- chemical dependency and educators
| - contracts
101
Sociocultural theory
- founder
- social setting is
- George Mead
| - exremely important in development of ones self concept
102
Mental illness as myth
- founder
- part of what theory
- deviant behavior
- mental illness
- Thomas Szasz
- sociocultural
- is culturally defined
- isn't actually illness but, a socially defined condition
103
Peoples place in mental illness as myth theory
- are responsible for their behavior
| - take part in their own labeling by allowing it to occur
104
Clients in mentall illness as myth theory
- choose therapist and treatment
- define problems they want to solve
- work with therapist to change
105
Biobehavioral therapy
- illness
- considered effective if
follow medical models
- abnormalities in structure, function and chemistry
- cause is eliminated
106
Homeostasis
- founder
- emotion
- Walter Cannon
| - reaction that causes body to use its rescources
107
Emergency syndrome
| -part of what
total body response, fight or flight and fright
happens when person is being challenged or threatened
-homeostasis
108
homeostasis theory is applied to
- individuals
- family systems
- holistic health
- world ecology
109
Stress adaptation
- founder
- physical problems
- stressor
- Hans Selye
- related to inability to control stress
- nonspecific response of body to any demand placed on it
110
General adaptation syndrome
| -part of what theory
body's physical response to stress
process by which people adapt
-stress adaptation
111
stages of general adaptation syndrome
1) alert
2) resistance
3) exhaustion
112
Alert in general adaptation
- what happens
- what if body can't resolve stress
- body releases hormones to prepare for fight of flight
| - body keeps functioning at high metabolic rate and goes to next stage
113
Resistance in general adaptation
| -what happens
- all coping mechanisms and defenses mobilized
- problem solving difficult
- more susceptible to other stressors
114
Exhaustion in general adaptation
- why does it happen
- what does it cause
- stressors overwhelming or long lasting
- resources depleted
- body processes break down
- glands can't keep up
- thinking distorted and illogical
- problem solving and communication ineffective
115
Psychobiology
study of the biochemical foundations of thought, mood, emotion and behavior
116
Mental illness in psychobiology is caused by
- genetics
- neurotransmitter activity
- viruses
- fetal development
- immune system dysfunction
117
Neuropsychology
| -what theory
study and treatment of behaviors related to brain function
| -psychobiology
118
Cognitive psychophysiology
- blends
- studies
- theory
- psychology and physiology
- mental processes by monitoring body systems and neurobehavioral toxicology
- psychobiology
119
neurobehavioral toxicology
| -behavioral changes resulting from
exposure to toxins
120
psychoneuroimmuniology
- founder
- theory
- study of
- Robert Ader
- psychobiology
- interactions between CNS, immune system and aspects of personality
121
Jonas Stalk in created what for psychoneuroimmunology
model of disease encompassing genetics, neurologic, immune and behavioral systems
122
Psychoneuroimmunology
- anxiety and depression
- brain's effects
- cause immune function to lower
| - brain's pain relieving mechanisms ban be activated by body
123
Neurotransmitters
| -what do they do
chemical messenger system of body
| -provide pathways for emotional reactions
124
Neuropeptides
| -connect to
transmitters composed of amino acid strings
| -endocrine, immune and nervous systems
125
Immune response
- impacted by
- relaxation exercises
- positive emotional states
- emotions, stress, and attitudes
- increase antibody production
- increase immune components in saliva
126
psychotherapies
treating of mental and emotional disorders by psychological means
127
Client-centered therapies
- beliefs
- what type of therapy is it
- therapist role
everyone has the resources for constructive change within
- individual
- express empathy and mobilize client's inner resources through relationship
128
Cognitive therapy
- what does it do
- focused on
- what type of therapy is it
- identify and correct distorted thinking and disfuctional belief
- solving problem within time limit
- individual
129
brief term therapy
- how long does it last
- what is it used for
- 6 to 12 sessions
| - depression, stress and marriage/ family problems
130
Behavioral therapy
- tailored to
- used to
- behavior modification is used for
- person's needs, behavior and environment
- define positive behaviors and reinforcing changes
- developmentally disabled and severely mentally ill
131
Central task group therapy
- used to
- what does it do
- relieve emotional discomfort and human misery
| - cause psychological and behavioral changes
132
Group therapy
- limits
- goal
- membership limited by therapist
| - to cure patients of problems
133
Self-help groups
- members
- example
- share common problem, symptoms or life situations
- alcoholics anonymous
- reach for recovery (for post mastectomy women)
134
T-groups
- what theory does it come from
- what does it do
- what do encounter groups do
- systems theory
- basic skills training
- professional trainers encourage intense group interactions
135
Consciousness-raising groups
- what do interactions do
- what do members do
- work as vehicle for behavioral changes
| - provide support to try out new behaviors
136
Somatic therapies
those that effect the body
137
Brain stimulation
- what is it
- what therapy is it part of
- activating or touching the brain directly with electricity, magnets or implants
- somatic therapies
138
how does electroconvulsive therapy work
- what is it used for
- what else is needed for it
by inducing seizures
- severe long lasting depression
- general anesthesia
139
Vague nerve stimulation
- how does it work
- what is it used for
- device implanted under the skin gives pulses to the vagus nerve
- seizures and mood regulation
140
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- how does it work
- what does it treat
- magnets stimulate the brain
| - unresponsive major depression and psychosis
141
magnetic seizure therapy
- how does it work
- what else needs to be given
- what are the benefits
- what does it treat
- magnetic pulses induce seizures
- anesthetics and muscle relaxants
- fewer memory side effects than ECT
- treatment resistant depression
142
Deep brain stimulation
- how does it work
- what does it treat
- is it valid
- brain surgery is used to implant electrodes with a generator implanted in the chest, it continually stimulates the brain
- OCD and depression
- experimental
143
Creative aggression therapy
redirection of aggression and learning to fight fair
144
Movement therapy
bringing the body in tune with itself to restore balance
