Ch 5 - Pt 1- Carbs & Lipids

Question 0

4 main classes of macromolecules

Answer 0

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Large molecules

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

A long molecule consisting if many similar blocks.

Poly “many.”

The vast diversity if life’s polymers are constructed of only about 40-50 monomers (similar to the construction of a language from 26 letters)

Question 3

Monomers

Answer 3

The building blocks of polymers.

Mono “one”

Question 4

Enzyme

Answer 4

A specialized macromolecule that speeds up a chemical reaction

Question 5

Dehydration reaction

Answer 5

A chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Expels a water molecule.

Question 6

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 6

The process by which polymers are broken down into monomers.

Consumes a water molecule.

Question 7

Example question: what occurs during the construction of a polymer that is 12 units long?

Answer 7

Bonding of 12 monomers through the removal of 11 water molecules

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Simple sugars and polymers of sugars.

Question 9

Monosaccharides

Answer 9

“One sugar”

Monomers, the simplest carbohydrate/sugar, active alone or serving for disaccharides or polysaccharides.

Generally, have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O

Question 10

How do sugars vary?

Answer 10

1) Position of carbonyl groups

2) Length of carbon skeletons

Question 11

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 11

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 12

Disaccharide

Answer 12

Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 13

Polysaccharides

Answer 13

Sugar polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

Serves many energy storage and structural functions.

Question 14

Starch

Answer 14

A polymer of glucose monomers.

A storage polysaccharide (major storage form of glucose in plants).

Two forms: amylose and amylopectin.

Question 15

Glycogen

Answer 15

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide (the major storage form of glucose in animals).

Highly branched chain of glucose monomers.

Question 16

Cellulose

Answer 16

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages.

The most abundant organic compound; a long chain of glucose.

Question 17

Example of a structural polysaccharide

Answer 17

Chitin –> in the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods; used to make string and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound/incision is healed.

Chitosan –> derived from crustacean chitin has many industrial, agricultural, and biomedical uses.

Question 18

Lipids

Answer 18

Any group of large biological molecules (fats, phospholipids, steroids) that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

Do NOT consist of polymers.

Mostly composed of hydrocarbons (non-polar).

Question 19

3 types of lipids

Answer 19

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Question 20

Fats

Answer 20

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Function in energy storage

Composed of carboxyl functional groups and hydrocarbon chains

Question 21

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 21

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by a single bond (“saturated” with carbon)

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (no double bonds)

Solid at room temperature

(Ex: animal fats)

Question 22

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 22

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

Liquid at room temperature

(Ex: plant fats)

Question 23

Phospholipids

Answer 23

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Similar to fats, but have only 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Hydrophobic tail.

Hydrophilic head.

Question 24

Why do bilayers form in lipids?

Answer 24

Because the head and tail of lipids show different behaviors. The hydrophobic tails turn inward while the hydrophilic heads turn outward.

Question 25

Steroids

Answer 25

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Functional groups give steroids various structural and regulatory roles

Question 26

Example of steroid with a structural role

Answer 26

Cholesterol: can be good, but bad in high volumes, causing heart attacks, etc.

Question 27

Example of a steroid with a regulatory role

Answer 27

Sex hormones: male and female hormones only vary in the functional group attached to them

Question 28

All lipids…

Answer 28

Do not mix well with water

Question 29

Fatty acid

Answer 29

A carboxyl acid with a long carbon chain

Question 30

Cholesterol

Answer 30

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids