Ch 5 Orienting Of Atten

Question 0

Orienting

Answer 0

• an adjustment of the body position relative to the stimulus

Question 1

Attentional focal point

Answer 1

• Can be shifted independently of ocular fixation
• Atten can be con’d on diff portion of the visual field
• Discovered by Helmholtz

Question 2

Animals, orienting and habituation

Answer 2

• When an animal is confronted with a stimulus they show a strong orienting response
• when the same stimulus is repeatedly shown, they gradually habituated and orienting response is weaken
• habituation reflects deceased RAS activation in cortical arousal

Question 3

Cue-target onset asynchrony

(CTOA)

Answer 3

Delay btwn the presentation of the cue and target

• less than 200ms, Ss don’t have enuf time to make an eye mvmt
• greater than 220ms atten shifts may not be responsible for cueing effects

Question 4

Saccadic eye movements

Answer 4

Requires 220ms to make a regular saccade

Question 5

Valid cue trails

Answer 5

• Trails in which the target appears at the cued location

Question 6

Invalid cue trails

Answer 6

• trails in which the target does not appease at the cued location

Question 7

Neural cue trails

Answer 7

• trails in which the location cue was not presented
• provides no information about the targets location
• helps researchers determine whether or not:
  1) valid location cues facilitate responses
  2) invalid location cues inhibit responses

Question 8

Location cue experiments

Answer 8

Results:

- when cues were valid, responses were faster and more accurate

Question 9

Cost

Answer 9

The difference btwn mean invalid-cue trial and mean neutral-cue

Question 10

Benefit

Answer 10

The difference btwn the mean valid-cue trial and the mean neutral-cue trial

Question 11

Cost/benefit

Answer 11

• Indicates that the magnitudes of facilitative and inhibitory effects of location cueing

Question 12

Spotlight and attentional shift

Answer 12

• atten can be shifted like a spotlight
• shift of the spotlight cud be initiated to the expected location before the target appears to produce a benefit on valid cue trials
• atten gets a “head start” to decrease rxn time (valid cues)
• invalid cues may shift atten to the opposite location to produce a cost, “false start” increasing rxn time

Question 13

Symbolic location cues

Answer 13

• Presented as arrows or digits that Ss understand to indicate the expected target location
• also know as endogenous cues

Question 14

Direct location cues

Answer 14

• underlines, outlines boxes or bar markers that are presented in close proximity to the expected target location
• also know as exogenous cues