Ch 5 - Macromolecules Flashcards
saturated fat
no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton.
unsaturated fat
one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon.
compare saturated/unsaturated
saturated as no double bonds and as many hydrogen atoms as possible, unsaturated has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom
components of a phospholipids
Glycerol section
Fatty acid tail(s)
Phosphate group
Polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
monomer
repeating units that serve as a the building blocks of a polymer
enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
macromolecules
chain-like molecules called polymers: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
hydrolysis
the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule
carbohydrates
- molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. includes sugars and starches.
monosaccharides
generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O
dissacharide
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
polysaccharides
macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage
starch
sugar stored for later use in the form of storage polysaccharides, polymer of glucose monomers, granules within cellular structures
glycogen
polysaccharide stored by animals (vertebrates: liver and muscle cells)
cellulose
polysaccharide, major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
chitin
structural polysaccharide, carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons
phospholipids
- similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol rather than three
- major constituents of cell membranes
- hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head (amphipathic)
catalysts
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
function of proteins
Some proteins speed up chemical reactions, while others play a role in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, or structural support.
polypeptide
a polymer (long chain of molecules) of amino acids, named so because the bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond
amino acid
organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group
