Ch 5 - Macromolecules

Question 1

saturated fat

Answer 1

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton.

Question 2

unsaturated fat

Answer 2

one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon.

Question 3

compare saturated/unsaturated

Answer 3

saturated as no double bonds and as many hydrogen atoms as possible, unsaturated has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom

Question 4

components of a phospholipids

Answer 4

Glycerol section
Fatty acid tail(s)
Phosphate group

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 6

monomer

Answer 6

repeating units that serve as a the building blocks of a polymer

Question 7

enzymes

Answer 7

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Question 8

macromolecules

Answer 8

chain-like molecules called polymers: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

Question 10

carbohydrates

Answer 10

• molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. includes sugars and starches.

Question 11

monosaccharides

Answer 11

generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O

Question 12

dissacharide

Answer 12

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 13

glycosidic linkage

Answer 13

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 14

polysaccharides

Answer 14

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 15

starch

Answer 15

sugar stored for later use in the form of storage polysaccharides, polymer of glucose monomers, granules within cellular structures

Question 16

glycogen

Answer 16

polysaccharide stored by animals (vertebrates: liver and muscle cells)

Question 17

cellulose

Answer 17

polysaccharide, major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Question 18

chitin

Answer 18

structural polysaccharide, carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

Question 19

phospholipids

Answer 19

• similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol rather than three
• major constituents of cell membranes
• hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head (amphipathic)

Question 20

catalysts

Answer 20

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Question 21

function of proteins

Answer 21

Some proteins speed up chemical reactions, while others play a role in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, or structural support.

Question 22

polypeptide

Answer 22

a polymer (long chain of molecules) of amino acids, named so because the bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond

Question 23

amino acid

Answer 23

organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group