Ch. 5 LEARNED MOTIVES

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

When a neutral stimulus elicits a response that’s associated with another stimulus.

Ex. Smelling coffee and feeling energized

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

Innate behaviour that triggers a response.

Ex. Meat would be an UCS for a dog

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 3

The innate reaction to the UCS.

Ex. A dog salivating after seeing meat

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

A neutral stimuli that is associated with another stimulus.

Ex. The bell for Pavlov’s dogs

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

Learned reaction to the CS. It is the same response as the UCR.

Ex. Pavlov’s dogs salivating when hearing the bell

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

When the Conditioned Response disappears. This happens when the Conditioned Stimulus is repeatedly shown without the Unconditioned Stimulus.

Ex. The dogs will stop salivating if the bell is repeatedly rung without meat being given

Question 7

Experimental Neurosis

Answer 7

This is distress caused when the individual cannot differentiate between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus.

Question 8

How are Phobias formed?

Answer 8

When a neutral stimuli becomes a Conditioned Stimulus associated with an Unconditioned fear response.

Ex. Baby Albert becoming scared of all fluffy white animals

Question 9

Counterconditioning

Answer 9

When a negative Conditioned Stimulus is paired with a positive Unconditioned Stimulus. This will create a positive response.

Ex. Let’s say you’re scared of water, but each time you go into the water you reward yourself with chocolate

Question 10

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 10

This is how therapists will treat someone with a phobia. This uses counterconditioning over time with specific steps to get rid of a phobia.

Step 1: Patient learns how to become relaxed on command
Step 2: Patient will rate different situations by anxiety on a hierarchy
Step 3: Pair relaxation with each situation
Step 4: Allow patient to relax even with anxious thoughts

Question 11

Interoceptive Conditioning

Answer 11

Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus both affect the internal organs.

Question 12

Intero-Exteroceotive

Answer 12

The Conditioned Stimulus is internal vs. The Unconditioned Stimulus being external.

Ex. The dog’s salivation being due to internal cool water or external exposure to food

Question 13

Intero-Interoceotive

Answer 13

Both Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus are internal.

Ex. Defensive breathing due to intestinal distension (swelling) and inhaling CO2 from outside

Question 14

Extero-Interoceptive

Answer 14

The Conditioned Stimulus is external and Unconditioned Stimulus is internal.

Question 15

Exterior-Exteroceptive

Answer 15

Same as Classical Conditioning.

Both Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus are external.

Ex. Dog food and bell

Question 16

Learned Aversions

Answer 16

We avoid certain situations due to Classical Conditioning.

We associate internal illnesses with internal stimuli and external harm with external stimuli.

Ex. Cancer treatments can lead to an aversion of food. Associating the nausea caused by treatment will food poisoning from food

Question 17

Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning

Answer 17

Behaviour is due to punishment and reward.

Instead of relying on key stimuli, our behaviour is dictated based on consequences.

Question 18

Quantity (Amount) Effect

Answer 18

Crespi says: A larger reward leads to better performance

Bolles says: Constant reinforcement leads to better performance overtime

Question 19

Quality Effect

Answer 19

Simmons says: Differing quality of reward will lead to differing performance

The general finding: Better quality rewards lead to better performance

Question 20

Contrast Effect

Answer 20

Positive Contrast: When a small reward becomes a medium reward, the performance exceeds the group that always got a medium reward

Negative Contrast: When a medium reward becomes a small reward, the performance goes below that of the group that only got a medium reward

Question 21

Latent Learning

Answer 21

The theory that we are always learning regardless of if we get a reward. However, our motivation (performance his based off of reward.

Ex. Rats still learned the maze without food, but once they got food they quickly caught up to the rats getting rewards

Question 22

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 22

Natural & important motivators.

Ex. Food

Question 23

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 23

Conditioned and not directly linked to biological needs. Associated with Primary Reinforcers.

Question 24

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 24

An item linked to multiple primary reinforcers.

Ex. Money

Question 25

Tokens

Answer 25

An item that can be exchanged for a good or service.

Ex. Money

Question 26

Learned Helplessness

Answer 26

When prior negative and uncontrollable events lead to a lack of motivation in the future.

It can fade over time.

Ex. The dogs who were exposed to shock would not run away

Symptoms:

1. Inaction
2. A delay in learning or adaption
3. Less competitive