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Patient Care > Ch. 5 Infection Control > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

A

MYCOPLASMAS

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2
Q

MYCOPLASMAS

A

PARASITIC/FREE LIVING BACTERIA. CAUSES PNEUMONIA AND GENITOURINARY INFECTIONS

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3
Q

MICROBES

A

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA SMALLER THAN OTHER BACTERIA

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4
Q

RICKETTSIAS AND CHLAMYDIAS LIVE WHERE

A

AS PARASITES IN ANOTHER CELL

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5
Q

ENDOSPORES

A

BACTERIAL SPORES

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6
Q

BACTERIA CAN FORM WHAT

A

A PROTECTIVE COAT (SPORE) WHEN SURVIVAL CONDITIONS ARE UNFAVORABLE. MORE DIFFICULT TO DESTROY

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7
Q

AEROBES ARE WHAT

A

BACTERIA THAT SURVIVE AND THRIVE ONLY IN AN OXYGEN ENVIRONMENT

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8
Q

ANAEROBES ARE WHAT

A

BACTERIA THAT ARE UNABLE TO LIVE IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN

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9
Q

NAME DIFFERENT BACTERIAS

A

TB - TUBERCULOSIS, STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS OF THE THROAT, SALMONELLA POISONING, LYME DISEASE, GONORRHEA, SYPHILIS, TETANUS

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10
Q

WHAT IS FUNGI

A

CELLS THAT NEED AEROBIC ENVIRONMENT

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11
Q

WHAT ARE TWO MAIN FORMS OF FUNGI

A

YEASTS - ONE CELLED FUNGI THAT REPRODUCE BY BUDDING.

MOLDS - (MYCELIA) MULTI-CELLULAR COLONIES THAT REPRODUCE BY SPORE FORMATION.

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12
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGUS

A

CAN GROW AS EITHER A YEAST OR MOLD; DEPENDS ON THE TEMPERATURE. EX: HISTOPLASMOSIS - KITTY LITTER DISEASE

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13
Q

MOLDS

A

CAN BE USEFUL, PRIMARY SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS, PRODUCE ENZYMES FOR MEDICAL USE, PRODUCTION OF FOODS TO FLAVOR CHEESE

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14
Q

YEAST

A

PRODUCE BEER AND WINE, LEAVEN BREAD, SOURCE OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS, SOME YEASTS ARE PATHOGENS AND CAN PRODUCE DISEASE, CANDIDA ALBICANS (THRUSH) CAUSED BY YEAST, WHITE INFECTION IN THE MOUTH

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15
Q

PARASITES

A

ORGANISMS THAT LIVE ON OR IN OTHER ORGANISMS AT EXPENSE OF THE HOST. COULD BE PLANT OR ANIMAL.

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16
Q

ANIMAL PARASITES PATHOGENIC TO HUMANS

A

PROTOZOA, HELMINTHS (PARASITIC WORM)

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17
Q

PROTOZOA

A

PARASITE THAT IS A COMPLEX ONE CELLED MICROORGANISMS. MOVES VIA FLAGELLA. CAN ALSO MOVE BY CILIA.

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18
Q

FLAGELLA

A

WHIPLIKE PROJECTIONS THAT PRODUCE LOCOMOTION

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19
Q

CILIA

A

SMALL DELICATE HAIRLIKE PROJECTIONS ON CELL WALL

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20
Q

PROTOZOA AFFECTS WHAT

A

THE GASTRO (GI) TRACT, GENITOURINARY TRACT, AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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21
Q

PROTOZOA DISEASES

A

AMEBIASIS, GIARDIASIS, AND MALARIA (CAUSED BY PROTOZOA THROUGH MOSQUITOS

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22
Q

HELMINTHS

A

PARASITIC WORMS, FLATWORMS OR ROUNDWORMS, PINWORMS

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23
Q

HELMINTHS - TAPEWORM

A

LIVE IN HUMAN INTESTINAL TRACT FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME

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24
Q

VIRUSES

A

CANNOT BE SEEN UNDER A MICROSCOPE. SMALLEST MICROORGANISM TO ACT AS A PATHOGEN. HAS EITHER DNA OR RNA; NEVER BOTH.

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25
Q

WHERE DOES VIRUSES ATTACH ITSELF

A

AT A MEMBRANE RECEPTOR SITE. ONCE IN THE CELL, IT BEGINS MULTIPLYING

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26
Q

LATENT VIRUS

A

VIRUS ENTERS AND WAITS FOR DECREASED IMMUNE SYSTEM

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27
Q

DIFFERENT VIRUSES

A

FEVER BLISTERS (HERPES SIMPLEX), SHINGLES (HERPES ZOSTER), INFLUENZA, COMMON COLD, MUMPS, MEASLES, HIV/AIDS, HEPATITIS A,B,C,D & E. VIRUS IS THE SMALLEST PATHOGEN.

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28
Q

PRIONS

A

PROTEIN WITHOUT DNA OR RNA

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29
Q

WHERE ARE PRIONS PRESENT AND WHY

A

IN BRAIN CELLS TO PREVENT NEUROLOGIC DISEASES. CAN MUTATE AND BECOME INFECTIOUS.

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30
Q

SOME WAYS THAT PRIONS CAN BE TRANSMITTEDED

A

EATING INFECTED MEAT OR MEAT PRODUCTS, CAN BE TRANSMITTED EVEN AFTER DEATH PRECAUTIONS IN AUTOPSY ROOM, MADCOW DISEASE

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31
Q

ELEMENTS NEEDED TO TRANSMIT INFECTION

A

AGENT-ENVIRONMENT-EXIT PORTAL-TRANSMISSION-ENTRY PORTAL-HOST.

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32
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM - ANTIBODY

A

PROTEIN SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY WHITE BLOOD CELL, LYMPHOCYTE OR B CELLS, T CELLS MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS

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33
Q

WHERE ANTIBODIES ARE FOUND

A

TEARS, SALIVA, AND COLOSTRUM

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34
Q

VACCINES PRODUCE

A

ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY. WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM IS DYSFUNCTIONAL, IT CAUSES AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES LIKE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, LUPUS, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

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35
Q

IMMUNO-COMPROMISED

A

BODY CANNOT DEFEND ITSELF. COULD BE MALNUTRITION OR A RESULT OF MEDICAL TREATMENT. DISEASE OR INJURY. HIV/AIDS.

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36
Q

NEUTROPENIC

A

PERSON FROM CANCER AND CHEMO TREATMENTS

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37
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

INCURABLE WITH A HIGH MORTALITY RATE.

38
Q

HIV - RETROVIRUS

A

MEANING IT CONVERTS ITS VIRAL MATERIAL FROM RNA TO DNA AFTER IT PENETRATES HOST CELL

39
Q

HIV/AIDS INFECTS WHAT

A

T4 CELLS CAUSING MALFUNCTION AND LOSS OF EFFECTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM. WITH DECREASED IMMUNITY, PEOPLE DIE FROM OTHER INFECTIONS THAT CANNOT BE FOUGHT LIKE KAPOSI’S SARCOMA.

40
Q

KAPOSI’S SARCOMA

A

MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE ENDOTHELIUM

41
Q

PHASE 1 OF HIV/AIDS

A

HIV ENTERS BODY AND REPLICATES. NO SYMPTOMS, BUT CAN BE TRANSMITTED

42
Q

PHASE 2 OF HIV/AIDS

A

FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS, STIFF NECK, SEIZURES, MILD SYMPTOMS, CAN BE TRANSMITTED

43
Q

PHASE 3 OF HIV/AIDS

A

DECLINING T-CELL IMMUNE FUNCTION, NO SYMPTOMS, CAN BE TRANSMITTED

44
Q

PHASE 4 OF HIV/AIDS

A

PERSISTENTLY ENLARGED LYMPH NODES, LOW-GRADE FEVERS, MOUTH LESIONS, WEIGHT LOSS, CHANGES IN COGNITION, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, VERY SYMPTOMATIC.

45
Q

PHASE 5 OF HIV/AIDS

A

T-CELLS<200=AIDS. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS. 80-90% DIE WITHIN 3 YEARS

46
Q

HIV/AIDS OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS

A

PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA, CANDIDA, HERPES SIMPLEX, TB, AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX, KAPOSI’S SARCOMA

47
Q

HIV TREATMENT

A

GOAL IS TO DECREASE THE VIRAL LOAD IN THE BLOOD STREAM. PREVENT TRANSMISSION. IMPROVE IMMUNE FUNCTION. PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

48
Q

HIV PREVENTION

A

AVOID SEXUAL CONTACT WITH HIGH RISK POPULATION, SAFE SEX, STANDARD PRECAUTIONS WHILE WORKING IN HOSPITAL, PROPER DISPOSAL OF SHARPS, IF NEEDLE STICK INJURY, CONTACT SUPERVISOR AND CALL NEEDLE STICK HOTLINE PER INSTITUTION PROTOCOL. GOOD NUTRITION, ADEQUATE REST. HIPAA.

49
Q

HIPAA

A

PERSON’S RIGHT TO PRIVACY

50
Q

HEPATITIS C

A

HEP C IS THE MOST COMMON BLOOD-BORNE INFECTION IN THE US

51
Q

HEPATITIS IS CAUSED BY

A

5 SEPARATE RNA VIRUSES.

52
Q

HEP A

A

TRANSMITTED VIA ORAL-FECAL ROUTE

53
Q

HEP B

A

TRANS VIA BLOOD AND BODY FLUID

54
Q

HEP C

A

TRANS VIA BLOOD AND BODY FLUID

55
Q

HEP D

A

TRANS VIA BLOOD AND BODY FLUID

56
Q

HEP E

A

TRANS VIA ORAL-FECAL ROUTE

57
Q

HEP G

A

SIMILAR TO B & C, BUT LONGER INCUBATION

58
Q

HEALTHCARE WORKERS MOST OFTEN CONTRACT HEPATITIS ?

A

B. FROM A NEEDLESTICK. PEOPLE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO HEP SHARE CONTAMINATED NEEDLES AND HAVE MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS. HEMOPHILIACS (BLEEDERS)

59
Q

HEP SYMPTOMS

A

FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS, LOW-GRADE FEVER, MUSCLE ACHES, FATIGUE, JAUNDICE FROM LIVER ENLARGEMENT AND LIVER CELL DEATH, CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER ENCEPHALOPATHY; FATAL

60
Q

ENCEPHALOPATHY

A

DISORDER OF THE BRAIN

61
Q

TUBERCULOSIS CAUSED BY

A

SPORE-FORMING MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

62
Q

TB COMMONLY AFFECTS

A

LUNGS BUT CAN GO TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

63
Q

TB SYMPTOMS

A

FATIGUE, LOSS OF APPETITE, WEIGHT LOSS, NIGHT SWEATS, SHALLOW COUGH, HEMOPTYSIS (COUGHING UP BLOODY SPUTUM), WHEEZING, PLEURITIC CHEST PAIN

64
Q

TB TRAVELS THROUGH

A

AIR. HEALTH CARE WORKER MUST BE FITTED FOR THE MASK AND WEAR THE RESPIRATOR. ANNUAL PPD IF EXPOSED, THEN ANNUAL CHEST X-RAY

65
Q

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS

A

MRSA- METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS, CAN CAUSE DECUBITUS ULCERS, PNEUMONIA, ENDOCARDITIS, BACTEREMIA, OSTEOMYELITIS, AND SEPTIC THROMBOPHLEBITIS.

66
Q

VRSA

A

VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT S. AUREUS

67
Q

VRE

A

VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS - ENTEROCOCCUS NORMAL FLORA IN GI TRACT. CAN CAUSE DISEASE IF IT AFFECTS BLOOD, URINE, OR WOUNDS

68
Q

BACTEREMIA & FUNGEMIA

A

BACTERIA IN BLOOD STREAM, MICROBES ENTERING BLOOD VIA VAD (VASCULAR ACCESS DEVICES).

69
Q

CLOSTRIDUM DIFFICILE

A

DISRUPTS NORMAL FLORA OF INTESTINAL TRACT

70
Q

AGENCIES CONTROLLING INSTITUTIONAL, PATIENT, AND WORKPLACE SAFETY

A

JOINT COMMISSION, OSHA (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION), CDC, US PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, FDA, WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION), UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND, US DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, EPA NUCLEAR CONTROL AGENCY

71
Q

HOSPITAL WORK ATTIRE

A

SHORT NATURAL FINGERNAILS, CLOSED TOE SHOES, LIMITED JEWELRY (WEDDING BAND SET), CLEAN SCRUBS WITH SHORT SLEEVES, LAB COAT, HAIR AWAY FROM FACE, WASH HANDS BEFORE AND AFTER EVERY PATIENT

72
Q

HAND HYGIENE

A

DO NOT LEAN AGAINST SINK, TURN ON WATER WITH FOOT PEDALS, WET HANDS AND SOAP AND LATHER HANDS AND FOREARMS UP TO ELBOWS WITH SCRUBBING MOTION FOR AS LONG AS IT TAKES TO SING HAPPY BIRTHDAY TWICE. PAPERTOWELS TO DRY HANDS AND TURN OFF WATER WITH CLEAN PAPERTOWELS. USE ONLY HOSPITAL SOAP AND LOTION.

73
Q

HAND HYGIENE

A

CAN USE AN ALCOHOL HAND RUB. ROUTINE PT- EXAMINE WITH GLOVES. IF PT ON ANY PRECAUTIONS - MUST USE SOAP AND WATER. IF MUST LEAVE ROOM DURING A PROCEDURE - CANNOT LEAVE WITH TWO GLOVES, AT LEASE REMOVE ONE GLOVE AND ONLY USE THAT HAND

74
Q

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS TIER 1

A

USED AT ALL TIMES! BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT EVERY PT HAS POTENTIAL FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE. CONFORMS TO OSHA STANDARDS. GET HEP B IMMUNIZATION. PPE (PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT).

75
Q

PPE (PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

A

GLOVES, GOWNS, MASKS, PLACE TO WASH HANDS, SHARPS CONTAINER

76
Q

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS - BSI

A

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION. MAY BE INFECTIONS SECRETIONS, BREAST MILK, CSF, SYNOVIAL FLUID, PLEURAL FLUID, PERITONEAL FLUID, PERICARDIAL FLUID, AMNIOTIC FLUID, TEARS, SALIVA, SPUTUM, WOUND DRAINAGE. NEVER TRY TO RECAP A USED NEEDLE.

77
Q

INFECTION CONTROL

A

IF A PT REQUIRES CPR, USE MOUTHPIECE AND RESUSCITATION BAGS LOCATED IN PT CARE AREAS. EYE PROTECTION OF POSSIBLE SPATTERING OF BLOOD OR BODY FLUID - WEAR GOGGLES WITH SIDE PROTECTORS. GLOVES PART OF BSI. WEAR GLOVES WHEN WITH PT

78
Q

INFECTION CONTROL - MEDICAL ASEPSIS

A

MICROORGANISMS ELIMINATED THROUGH USE OF SOAP, WATER, FRICTION AND CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS

79
Q

INFECTION CONTROL - SURGICAL ASEPSIS

A

MICROORGANISMS AND SPORES COMPLETELY DESTROYED BY HEAT OR CHEMICAL PROCESS

80
Q

TAKING OFF DIRTY GLOVES

A
  1. WITH YOUR GLOVED RIGHT HAND, HOLD UPPER OUTSIDE PART OF LEFT GLOVE AND PULL IT OFF
  2. HOLD REMOVED GLOVE IN PALM OF GLOVED HAND
  3. WITH UNGLOVED INDEX FINGER, REACH INSIDE TOP OF SOILED GLOVE AND PULL IT OFF, TURNING IT INSIDE OUT
  4. DISPOSE SOILED GLOVES
  5. WASH HANDS
81
Q

LATEX SENSITIVITY

A

8-12% HEALTHCARE WORKERS HAVE LATEX SENSITIVITY. EMPLOYERS PROVIDE NON-LATEX POWDER-FREE GLOVES. USE NON-LATEX GLOVES IF PT HAS ALLERGY

82
Q

LATEX ALLERGIC REACTIONS INCLUDE

A

LOCAL REACTION HIVES (URTICARIA), SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLAXIS, DEATH, POWDER MAY EXAGGERATE.

83
Q

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS- TIER II

A

PLACE EXTRA BARRIER BETWEEN INFECTED PERSON AND CAREGIVERS. USE OF TIER I + ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION BASED ON INFECTION

84
Q

ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION

A
  1. AIRBORNE
  2. DROPLET
  3. CONTACT
85
Q

AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS -

MICROBES TRAVEL ON

A

EVAPORATED DROPLETS THAT REMAIN SUSPENDED IN AIR, OR DUST PARTICLES AND CAN BE INHALED. PT HAS PRIVATE ROOM W/ NEGATIVE AIR PRESSURE VENTILATION.

86
Q

AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS - N95

A

RESPIRATOR MASK FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS, SURGICAL MASK FOR VISITORS WITH DOOR CLOSED, STANDARD PRECAUTION.

87
Q

AIRBORNE PRECAUTION - SARS

A

SUDDEN ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME. OTHERS ARE; SMALLPOX, TB, VAICELLA, CHICKEN POX, RUBEOLA, H1N1

88
Q

DROPLET ISOLATION AND MICROBE TRAVELING

A

MICROBES TRAVEL ON DROPLETS OF EXCRETIONS OF INFECTED PEOPLE BY SNEEZING, COUGHING, AND TALKING. CAN SPREAD WITHIN 3 FEET.

89
Q

DROPLET ISOLATION

A

PRIVATE ROOM OR ROOM WITH PERSON WHO HAS THE SAME ILLNESS. BE SURE TO WEAR MASK IF YOU MUST BE WITHIN 3 FEET OF THE PT.

90
Q

CONTACT PRECAUTIONS

A

PRIVATE ROOM, GLOVES BEFORE ENTERING/REMOVED BEFORE EXITING; WEAR GOWN, THOROUGHLY CLEAN EQUIPMENT AFTER CONTACT WITH PT. PT’S WITH MRSA, C. DIFF, E. COLI, HEP A

91
Q

NEWBORN AND NICU PROTOCOL

A

CLEAN PORTABLE MACHINE WITH DISINFECTANT WIPES, HAND SCRUBBED FOR 3 MIN WITH ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP, NEVER GO TO NURSERY IF YOU HAVE OR SUSPECT TO HAVE AN INFECTION

92
Q

TRANSFERRING PT W/ COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PROTOCOL

A

WHEELCHAIR OR STRETCHER, PT WEARS MASK AND WE WEAR MASK, GOWN AND GLOVES, PLACE SHEET OVER STRETCHER RAILS OF CONTACT PERSON AND PILLOW CASE OVER CHART, DO NOT TOUCH INSIDE OF THE SHEET

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